前言
语言是人类思想的载体，人类的思想源于人脑，人脑有左、右脑。
左脑负责分析和推理，右脑负责直觉和顿悟。
左脑发达的人们喜欢用状语做各种分析和推理：问题原因分析、问题发生的时间、地点、 方式、程度、伴随着什么能造成的结果？ 换个条件假设、进行比较。他们说的话很有逻辑。
右脑发达的人们喜欢用定语，描述他们对现象的整体感觉和各种领悟，他们说的话很振奋、很精彩。
太极生两仪......，如果把1个英文句比作1棵大树。
主、谓就是英文句子中必不可少的主干，宾语和表语则是主干长出的支干，定语和状语就是修饰，是所有枝干上抽出的红花和绿叶。
我们对状语、定语的学习，需要追溯到偏正短语，即偏+正的短语。
正：即中心语：主语、谓语、宾语、表语。
偏：即修饰语，定语、状语、补语。
英语中的修饰语只有定语和状语，这哥俩各司其职，各自都有其特殊的职能。
形容词和副词可以相互配合，也可以单独使用，这取决于你究竟想要表达什么意思了。
I have a big family.
I love my families deeply.
I love my big family deeply. 形容词和副词结合使用，会使你表达更加详细和具体。
那这2个修饰语都各司什么职呢？各自有都有什么特殊的职能呢？
形容词在句子中作那些成分呢？
1.放在系动词后面作表语。
Martin is very handsome.
2.放在宾语后面作宾语补语。
Martin can make his yard more tidy.
3.放在名词前面做定语。
Martin likes sunny days.
总结
虽然形容词可以在英语句子中作表语、宾补、定语，但是形容只有1个功能：只能修饰1种单词，即修饰名词（代词）。
副词在句子中作那些成分呢？
形容词（adj）变成副词(adv)通常情况下都是在形容词之后加个ly。
1.副词修饰实意动词作状语。
He smiles sweetly.
2.副词修饰形容词作状语。
He looks pretty sweet.
3.副词修饰副词作状语。
He smiles especially sweetly.
4.副词修饰整个句子。
Actually, he smiles sweetly.
总结
副词可以在英文句子中修饰实义动词、形容词、副词甚至整个句子。
在英语句子中，虽然副词可以修饰很多种单词（除名词之外，名词已经被定语修饰了），但是副词只能在句子中作1种句子成分--状语。
形容词只能作定语，定语在句子中起形容词的作用，但是不仅仅只有副词可以作定语 。
副词只能作状语， 状语在句子中起副词作用 。 但是不仅仅只有形容词可以作状语。
状语可以饰实义动词、形容词、副词以及整个句的句子成分。
也可以这么说状语可以修饰除了名词之外的所有词，因为定语才能修饰名词，这是既定规则。
能作状语的成分？
副词只能在句子中作状语，但是状语不等于副词，除了副词之外还有哪些词可以作状语呢？
She smiles sweetly. 副词作状语
I tried again and again. 副词短语作状语
He runs fast like a crazy bull. 介词短语作状语
还有最近美国国务卿Antony Blinken，向我们释放的不友好信号。
We need to be approaching China from a position of strength.介词短语作状语
She leaves, crying. 非谓语动词作状语
不仅仅是形容词可以做定语，不仅仅是副词才可以状语哦。
He got a promotion.
He got a promotion constantly. 副词
He got a promotion through his persistent efforts. 介词短语
He got a promotion proved his rich talents. 非谓语动词
He got a promotion after he spares no pains to study to practice.状语从句
状语的位置
状语不像定语那样位置固定。
1个单词修饰名词时，定语置于名词前面。
2个及以上的单词修饰名词时，定语置于名词后面。
在英文句子中，状语非常灵活，状语的位置可以随便放，状语可以放在句子的开头、句子的末尾甚至句中。
In Chongqing（介词短语）, I am now（副词） working. I am now（副词） working in Chongqing（介词短语）.
9大状语从句
1.当从句是陈述句，引导词使用：That。
2.当从句是一般疑问句，引导词使用: Whether/If，其中if只能引导宾语从句，而 weather 可以引导所有名词性从句。
3.当从句是特殊疑问句时，引导词使用特殊疑问词：What/When/Where/Which......）
定语从句的引导词根据先行词的种类分5类：
1.当先行词是人的时候， 引导词使用： That、Who、Whom、Whose
2.当先行词是物的时候， 引导词使用： That、Which、Whose
3.当先行词是时间的时候，引导词使用：That、Which、When
4.当先行词是地点的时候，引导词使用：That、Which、Where
5.当先行词是原因的时候，引导词使用：That、Which、Why
定语的从句的引导词根据引导词的词性分3类：
关系代词：关系代词就是在定语从句中充当主/谓/表，有That、Which、Who、Whom、As。没有What，What无法引导定语从句
关系副词：关系副词就是在定语从句中充当副词，有 When、Where、Why，没有How。
状语从句的引导词根据引导词本事的意思分9类
- 时间（伴随也属于时间）：
- 地点：
- 原因：
- 条件：
- 目的：
- 结果：
- 让步：
- 方式：
- 比较：
想要学会状语从句，能看懂状语从句引导词本事的意思即可，但是状语从句的引导词会比较多。
(1)连词引导词
When、As、 By the time、While、Once、As soon as (一旦.....就...)、Before、After、Since、Not.....until、Until/Till、Whenever等。
Whenever you need my help, you feel free to ask me. 无论什么时候需要帮忙，随时找我。 By the time we arrived, someone had grabbed all good seats. 当我们到达的时候，一个人已经把好的座位全部抢走了(过去完成时) By the time this letter reaches you, I will have left the country. 当你收到这封信时，我已经离开了。（将来完成时）
(2)名词短语引导词
The moment、Every time、The day、The instant
I want to see her the moment that she arrives. 她一到，我就要见到她。 I wanted to call at him the minute/second/instant he arrived. 我刚要打电话的时候，他就来了。注意是过去式！
The moment he reached his motherland, he started his search. 他一到达祖国之后就开始他的探索工作。 Every time I went to my hometown, I recall my happy childhood. 每次回到家乡，我都会想起我的美丽的童年。 At the first time I met her, I always thought she modest and quiet. 我第一次见到她，还以为她很谦虚和安静。 He left Europe the year World War broke out. 第二次世界大战爆发那一年他离开了欧洲。
(3)副词引导词
immediately、directly、No sooner....than、Hardly...when、Scarcely....when
以上副词性引导词，都是表示一.....就，表示主从句中2个动作几乎同时发生。
I recognized her immediately/instantly I saw her. 刚一见面，我就认出了她。 I went home directly I hand finished my work. 我一干完活就回家了。 The machine will start instantly the button is pressed. 一按下按钮，机器就立即开动起来。
(4)英文的逗号，怎么使用？
代码和文章书写规范 ，可以从侧面体现出你的专业水平。
某次英文写作，我因逗号，和满分失之交臂！！
逗号隔开一句话意群，可以方便读者，正确地理解你要表达的意思。这是英文逗号功能。
英文逗号之前不要有间隙，逗号之后要留出一点间隙(1个空格)。这是书写规范。
After the rain stopped and the sun came out the children started to play.
没有逗号，主从结构不明显。
After the rain stopped and the sun came out, the children started to play.
有逗号区分意群，主从结构非常明显。
I didn't buy the house because it was so expensive.
我买房，不是因为它贵我才买。
I didn't buy the house, because it was so expensive.
我当时没买房，因为房价这么贵。
He lives where there is a bookstore. 他住在一个有书店的地方。 Where there is a will, there is a way. （Where 引导的地点状语从句！） 有志者事竟成。 This kind of tree can grows healthily where it is wet.
这种树在潮湿的地方生长的很好。
I will start where I stopped.
从哪里跌倒的就从哪里爬起来。
(1)如何区别Where/When引导的定语从句和Where引导的状语从句？
状语的位置非常灵活，有时候状语从句会放在名词后面。
定语从句可以修饰人、物、时间、地点、原因。状语从句也可以修饰时间、地点。
定语从句和状语从句就出现了交集就是时间和地点。
I love a girl in Beijing.
in Beijing这是定语还是状语呢？如何区别定语和状语？
当名词后紧跟时间/地点即像定语又像状语的时候，遵循定语优先原则。因为英语句子中80%的修饰成分都是定语。
先按定语意思去翻译，只有按照定语翻译出来，意思非常不通顺的时候，再考虑使用状语去作翻译
The videos show rural sites, including the corn fields and the yard where Sanxi Grandpa lives and the typical Gobi landscape of Northwest China. In some videos, he turns into a Chinese swordsman standing in front of a Gobi landscape from the images of a farmer working on a corn field with a farm tool on his shoulder.
视频展现了西北乡村风景，玉米地、三喜爷爷居住的院子和典型的西北隔壁地貌。三喜爷爷上一秒还背着箩筐在地里掰玉米，下一秒他已经变身成为仗剑走天涯的侠客；
但是遇到下列情况均为状语：
副词、原因、条件（如果/除非）、目的、结果（So....that）、比较（as...as）、方式、伴随（wiyth my people）、让步(虽然)
......singing when 是状语，singing不是表示时间的名词
......a boy when 是状语，a boy是人，如果是定语，引导词则是who/whom/whose
I find my phone where I had lost it. 状语从句呀，因为where 前面的phone是物。 This is the house where I lived two years. 定语从句呀，因为where前面的house是地点。 We will start where we stooped. 状语从句呀，因为where前面没有先行词（名词）， start也有名词的意思（n. 开头;开端;开始;起始优势;良好的基础条），但是start已经作了主句的谓语了。 We will start from the place where we stopped. 定语从句。
区别定语从句和状语从句的关键在于引导词。
如果引导词为名词且表达时间/地点，后面这个从句一般都是定语从句。
如果引导词不为名词且不表达时间/地点，那肯定就是状语从句了。
3.原因状语从句
Because、Since、As、For....、Seeing that、Now that、In that、Consider that、Given that、As much as、So much as、
介词短语+名词/动名词
Because of、Due to、Owing to、Thanks to、For the sake of、As a result of
能使用介词短语完成思想表达尽量不要使用原因状语从句！
Because of he was careless, he had a car accident last year.
原因状语从句
Because of carelessness, he had a car accident last year.
原因状语
目的状语从句的引导有：
So that, in order that.....+句子
除了从句之外，动词不定式（to do）也可以表示目的。
To、In order to、So as to +动词原形
We climb higher so that we see farther.从句 We climb higher in order to see farther. 不定式
Farther和Further都是Far的比较级， Farther是实际距离远，Further思想上的距离远。
I am determined to take part in the postgraduate examinations so that I could have a bright future.从句
I am determined to take part in the postgraduate examinations in order to have a bright future.不定式
结果状语从句的引导词有
- So that
- So +形容词/副词 +that
- Such +冠词+形容词+名词 +that
so that：不仅可以引导目的状语从句，目的有无法到达的可能性，所以要结合情态动词。
也可以引导结果状语从句。
I hurried through my work, so that I could be on time for TV. We moved to the country so that we were away from the hustle and bustle of the city.
So+adj/adv+that
在作文中只要用到形容词（adj）或者副词（Adv）的地方，都可以考虑写成So.....that句型进而写成倒装句型。以至于提升你的逼格！
halfway through adv 中途;到一半 The movie was so boring that I gave up watching it halfway through. 这部电影是如此的无聊，以至于我看了一半就放弃了。 Martina Navratilova is so nice a teacher that everyone loves and respects her. 玛蒂娜·纳芙拉蒂洛娃是如此棒的老师，以至于每个人都喜欢和尊重她。
Such.+冠词+形容词+名词+that的用法
It was such a terrible show that one of us would pay for watching it again. This was such an wonderful music that it deserved replaying.
引导词：If、Unless（除非）、On condition that....=if
On condition that love is cup of poison, I would drink it up without hesitating. 如果爱是一倍毒药我会毫不犹豫地喝下。
让步状语从句的引导词有： though、although、even if、even though。
Although Liu Bei failed in the first half of his life, he still adhere to pursuing his dream that revives Han Dynasty again and again. 虽然刘备在前半生屡屡失败，但是他一直坚持着他中兴汉朝的梦想。 Although Liu Bei is a founder of Han kingdom in the Three Kingdoms era and , he had some weakness. 刘备虽然是三国时期蜀汉的开国皇帝，但也有一些弱点。 Pets indeed bring much delight to my grandmother although taking care of them need enough time and energy. 虽然照顾宠物需要足够的时间和精力，但宠物的确给我祖母带来了很多快乐。
方式状语从句的引导词有：as、as if、As though，它们的中文意思是 好像/似乎。
好像、似乎.....方式就是方式状语。
介词： By、Through、In...way、In...manner
She talks with me as she were my mother. 她说法的方式像我妈！
in great detail： 详尽地 I can still remember the whole thing in great detail as though it happened yesterday. 我依然记得那件事，就好像昨天发生的一样。
China can't lose Shandong, just as the West can't lose Jerusalem!
中国不能失去山东，正如西方不能失去耶路撒冷一 样！
8.1.方式副词和程度副词的区别
副词可以修饰
1.程度副词
程度副词常用来修饰副词、形容词；如too many(太多了)，表示该形容词或其他副词到达的程度。
very good(非常好)，much better(好多了)，almost real(跟真的似的)，nearly empty(几乎为空)，enough good(足够地好)，hardly bad(几乎不)等。
2.方式副词
方式副词由形容词+ly结尾的副词构成，用来修饰动词，表示行为动作发生的方式，表明动作的特点。
I had studied hard for the exam.
比较状语的引导词有： As、Than
You look younger than I. 我一直不明白为什么是than I,因为这是一个从句啊！！！ You look younger than I look.把谓语look 省略了。
你看起来比我更年轻。
You look as young as I.
You look as young as I look
你看起来和我一样年轻。
以下是补充知识
(1).A is to B as/what C is to D句型。
A对于B就如同C对于D。
perfume:香水 Honesty is to humans as perfume is to a flower. 诚信对于人来说就像花香和花。
Confidence is to a man as water is to fish. 自信对于男人来说很重要！
(2).More than的用法：
More than的后面如果加的是名词/动词，就翻译为不仅仅是。
He is more than a teacher. In fact, he write some poems in his spare time. 他不仅仅是个老师，事实上，他在空闲时间也写诗。 make...reflection on 在...方面反思。 They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections
on human problems which involve moral judgment. 他们教地好不仅仅是为了挣工资，但是他们没有甚至很少去反思涉及道德判断的人类问题。
more than+形容词/副词，就是非常....的意思。
Americans are more than hospitable when facing strangers.
美国人非常好客，当他们见到陌生人时。
more than+数词时，就翻译成超过。
I have more than 20 pair of shoes. 我的鞋子，得超过20双了。
(3.)Not so much as = not even 甚至不/甚至没有
He can't so much as sing a song. 他甚至不会唱一首歌。 He did not so much as ask me to have a cup of tea when I visited his lab. 他甚至没有请我喝杯茶，我去他的实验室时。
与其...到不如.....
He is not so much a teacher as a poet. He is more a poet than a teacher. 与其说他是个老师倒不如说他是个诗人。
百变的As
As + 名词（短语）翻译成 “作为 ”
I live in Beijing, a cosmopolitan city, the capital of China, as a ordinary programmer.
我在北京这个国际大都市，中国的首都，干着普通的码农的活。
As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.
作为发展的合理结果，各个期刊的目标都朝着职业或业余读者。
动词+名词+as，根据动词的意思而定
regard ...as...:把....视为
define....as... :把......定意为
view.....as.... :把.......看做
classify...as... :把....归类为....
Tylor defined culture as "....that complex who which includes belief, art, moral, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society "
泰勒把文化定义成1个复杂的整体，这个整体包括了信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗、任何其他能力和习惯。这些文化都是社会成员获得的。
As 引导非限制性定语从句
As is...引导的从句一般都是非限制性从句。
interrelationships n.相互关联;相互影响
underlies：v. 构成…的基础;作为…的原因
As is true of any develop society, (As 引导的非限制性定语从句，放在句首。)in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
就像任何发达国家一样，在美国一个复杂的文化信号、假设和传统构成了所有社会关系的基础。
As 引导状语从句
As引导状语从句比较常见。有因为、虽然、尽管、好像、似乎、随着...意思。
As引导状语从句时，as 的意思取决于前后2句话的意思。
cut in 打断（谈话）;插嘴
disparage: v.贬低;轻视
disparaging: adj.贬低的;诋毁的;轻蔑的
make a remark about sth....对....做出评价
resent=hate v.愤恨;感到气愤;愤愤不平
With other audiences, you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as（因为） they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.
对于其他的听众来说，你绝对不能使用幽默打断，因为他们不喜欢一个外来的人，对他们的餐厅和领导人做出鄙视的评价
arise： v.发生;产生;出现;(由…)引起;(因…)产生;发展
New problem arise daily. 生活即烦恼。
give rise to =lead to：造成;引起;导致
Now forms of thought as well as new subject for thought must arise in the future as（如同） they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
非谓语动词除了不能作谓语之外可以在句子中充当任一句子成分。
所以从句可以作状语，非谓语动词也可以作状语。
在不影响句子意思的情况下，我们可以把任何从句转化成非谓语动词作状语。
非谓语动词其实可以简化各种从句。
把一个从句变成非谓语动词，需要以下3个步骤。
- 去掉状语从句的引导词
- 把从句的谓语动词变成非谓语动词，根据从句的意思被动使用 done、主动使用doing、目的使用to do.
- 如果主句和从句的主语一致，去掉从句的主语，合并同类项。如果主语不一致分词的主语保留。
Because I am fat, I feel delighted. Being fat, I feel delighted. After the job was finished, we went hone respectively. The jobs finished, we went home respectively. The old lady sits in the corner, her eyes are filled with tears. 独立主格 The old lady siting in the corner, her eyes are filled with tears. Self-confidence is a positive mentality, it enables many miracles to happen. Being a positive mentality, it enables many miracles to happen.
写作
Setting off firecrackers can add the atmosphere.
开始加状语，拉长句子......
虽然很多人认为放鞭炮很吵闹，但是放鞭炮可以增加节日氛围，当中国人和他们的家人在家中相聚时。
Although quite a few individuals argue that it sounds too noisy(让步状语从句), setting off firecrackers, an ancient Chinese tradition with thousands of years(同位语), can add the atmosphere of holidays and festivals(定语) when Chinese are gathering with their families or their friends at home(时间状语).
Although one can live as if he were a pig, but you never be as happy as the peg.
虽然几乎每个孩子都知道，一个诚实的人才是一个完整的人，但是社会上扔会有很多不诚实的人存在。
Although almost every kid knows that a man of integrity is a complete person, there still are a sea of dishonest persons in our society.
时间如此宝贵，以至于我们无论如何度过都是一种浪费。
无论如何：however
Time is so precious that it is a wast however we spend it.
我借着这次机会向给我第一手帮助的老师表示真心的感谢。
gratitude: n.感激之情;感谢
Taking this opportunity, I show my sincere gratitude to teacher who gave me first-hand helps.
I'd like to take this opportunity to thank my teacher who gave me first-hand help.
为了实现我的梦想，我一直思考该不该和爱人分手。
In order to realize my dream, I am just wondering whether I should break up with my lover.
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
希腊人认为语言的结构与思维过程有某关系，这种观点在欧洲扎根了，在他们意识到语言的多样性之前。
phenomena: n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物)
natural/social phenomena: 自然/社会现象
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
社会科学是一个知识探索的分支，它致于采用相同的，合理的，有序的，系统的，理性的方式来研究人类和他们的努力。行为科学家也使用这种方法研究自然现象。
explain: v解释
explanations n.解释;说明;阐述;解释性说法;说明性文字
explanatory: adj.解释的;说明的;阐述的
The behavioral science have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
行为科学之所以在缓慢的发展，是因为一些解释好像可以被直接观察出来，还因为其他种类的解释很难去发现。
Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
rather than：比较状语
special preserve：特殊权利; 专门的工作；专长；
传统上来说，法律一直被视为律师的特长，而不是一个受教育人必备的文化素养。
While： While 在句首一般翻译为虽然
In doing sth :在做什么的时候
While it is to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not easy as in dealing with adults.
While it is to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition in our contact with them, it is not easy as in dealing with adults.
我们和孩子接触的时候，非常容易忽略我的行为对于他们情感的影响。但是在和成年人接触的时候就没有那么容易了。
be obliged to do： 有义务做
be obliged to sb： 感谢/感激某人
assimilated: v.透彻理解;消化;吸收;(使)同化;使吸收，使接受(想法、态度等)
We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
我们应该感激他们，因为这些语言从此以后消失了，因为说这些语言的民族灭绝了、被同化了，失去了他们的母语。
articulate: adj.善于表达的;口齿清楚的;发音清晰的
It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
这也是为什么我们尝试使用文字去描述音乐的时候，我们只能详细描述我们对音乐的反应，而无法理解音乐本身的原因。
cure-all n.万灵药;灵丹妙药
Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.
参考
