Ansible ad-hoc 手册（3）
Ansible ad-hoc
| 什么是ad-hoc？ |
ad-hoc简而言之就是“临时命令”，执行完即结束，并不会保存
| ad-hoc模式的使用场景 |
比如在多台机器上查看某个进程是否启动，或拷贝指定文件到本地，等等
| ad-hoc模式的命令使用 |

#批量查看磁盘信息
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m command -a 'df -h' -i ./hosts
web02 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda3 18G 1.1G 17G 6% /
devtmpfs 981M 0 981M 0% /dev
tmpfs 992M 0 992M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 992M 9.5M 982M 1% /run
tmpfs 992M 0 992M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 124M 891M 13% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
web01 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda3 18G 1.1G 17G 6% /
devtmpfs 981M 0 981M 0% /dev
tmpfs 992M 0 992M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 992M 9.5M 982M 1% /run
tmpfs 992M 0 992M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 124M 891M 13% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
#批量查看内存信息
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m command -a 'free -m' -i ./hosts
web01 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1982 143 1688 9 150 1668
Swap: 1023 0 1023
web02 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1982 142 1684 9 155 1666
Swap: 1023 0 1023
| ad-hoc结果返回颜色 |
绿色: 代表被管理端主机没有被修改
黄色: 代表被管理端主机发现变更
红色: 代表出现了故障，注意查看提示
| ad-hoc常用模块 |
command # 执行shell命令(不支持管道等特殊字符)
shell # 执行shell命令
scripts # 执行shell脚本
yum_repository # 配置yum仓库
yum # 安装软件
copy # 变更配置文件
file # 建立目录或文件
service # 启动与停止服务
mount # 挂载设备
cron # 定时任务
get_url #下载软件
firewalld #防火墙
selinux #selinux
| Ansible-doc帮助手册 |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible-doc -l # 查看所有模块说明
[root@m01 ~]# ansible-doc copy # 查看指定模块方法
[root@m01 ~]# ansible-doc -s copy # 查看指定模块参数
Ansible命令模块
| command |
# 默认模块, 执行命令
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -a "hostname"
| shell |
# 如果需要一些管道操作，则使用shell
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m shell -a "ps -ef|grep nginx" -f 50
| script |
# 编写脚本
[root@m01 ~]# vim /root/yum.sh
#!/usr/bin/bash
yum install -y vsftpd
#在本地运行模块，等同于在远程执行，不需要将脚本文件进行推送目标主机执行
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m script -a "/root/yum.sh"
Ansible软件管理模块
| yum |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m yum -a "name=httpd state=present"
name
httpd #指定要安装的软件包名称
file:// #指定本地安装路径（yum localinstall 本地rpm包）
http:// #指定yum源（从远程仓库获取rpm包）
state #指定使用yum的方法
installed,present #安装软件包
removed,absent #移除软件包
latest #安装最新软件包
[root@m01 ~]# ansible-doc yum
exclude=kernel*,foo* #排除某些包
list=ansible #类似于yum list查看是否可以安装
disablerepo="epel,ol7_latest" #禁用指定的yum仓库
download_only=true #只下载不安装 yum install d
| yum_repository |
#添加yum仓库
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m yum_repository -a "name=zls_epel description=EPEL baseurl=https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/$releasever/$basearch/" -i ./hosts
#仓库名和配置文件名不同
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m yum_repository -a 'name=zls_epel description=EPEL file=test_zls baseurl=https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/base/$releasever/$basearch/ gpgcheck=no' -i ./hosts
#添加mirrorlist
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m yum_repository -a 'name=zls_epel description=EPEL file=test_zls baseurl=https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/base/$releasever/$basearch/ gpgcheck=no mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.repoforge.org/el7/mirrors-rpmforge enabled=no' -i ./hosts
#删除yum仓库及文件
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m yum_repository -a 'name=zls_epel file=test_zls state=absent' -i ./hosts
#开起gpgcheck
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m yum_repository -a 'name=zls_epel description=EPEL file=test_zls baseurl=https://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/base/$releasever/$basearch/ gpgcheck=yes gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7' -i ./hosts
name #指定仓库名，如果没有file则为仓库文件名
baseurl #指定yum源
gpgcheck #指定检查秘钥
no
yes
enabled #是否启用仓库
no
yes
Ansible文件管理模块
对于文件管理，我们在学习Linux基础的时候，就学习了很多命令，比如创建，删除，移动，拷贝，下载...等
生产场景，统一配置管理
| copy |
# 推送文件模块
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m copy -a "src=/etc/passwd dest=/tmp/zls.txt"
# 在推送覆盖远程端文件前，对远端已有文件进行备份，按照时间信息备份
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m copy -a "src=/etc/passwd dest=/tmp/zls.txt backup=yes"
# 直接向远端文件内写入数据信息，并且会覆盖远端文件内原有数据信息
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m copy -a "content='zls' dest=/tmp/zls.txt"
src #推送数据的源文件信息
dest #推送数据的目标路径
backup #对推送传输过去的文件，进行备份
content #直接批量在被管理端文件中添加内容
group #将本地文件推送到远端，指定文件属组信息
owner #将本地文件推送到远端，指定文件属主信息
mode #将本地文件推送到远端，指定文件权限信息
| file |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m file -a "path=/tmp/zls_dir state=directory"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m file -a "path=/tmp/zls_file state=touch mode=0555 owner=root group=root"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m file -a "src=/tmp/zls_dir path=/tmp/zls_dir_link state=link"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m file -a "path=/tmp/zls_dir state=directory owner=zls group=zls mode=0700 recurse=yes"
path #指定远程主机目录或文件信息
recurse #递归授权
state
directory #在远端创建目录
touch #在远端创建文件
link #link或hard表示创建链接文件
absent #表示删除文件或目录
mode #设置文件或目录权限
owner #设置文件或目录属主信息
group #设置文件或目录属组信息
| get_url |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m get_url -a 'url=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/zabbix/zabbix/3.4/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-agent-3.4.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm dest=/tmp mode=0644' -i ./hosts
url #指定下载地址
dest #指定下载的目录
mode #指定权限
checksum #校验加密算法
md5
sha256
Ansible服务管理模块
| service、systemd |
#启动crond并加入开机自启
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m service -a "name=crond state=started enabled=yes"
#停止crond并删除开机自启
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m service -a "name=crond state=stoped enabled=no"
name # 定义要启动服务的名称
state # 指定服务状态
started #启动服务
stopped #停止服务
restarted #重启服务
reloaded #重载服务
enabled #开机自启
Ansible用户管理模块
Ansible管理用户与组，通常使用user、group模块
| group |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m group -a "name=zls gid=888"
name #指定创建的组名
gid #指定组的gid
state
absent #移除远端主机的组
present #创建远端主机的组（默认）
| user |
#创建用户指定uid和gid，不创建家目录也不允许登陆
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m user -a "name=zls uid=888 group=888 shell=/sbin/nologin create_home=false"
#创建用户并生成秘钥对
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m user -a "name=zls uid=888 group=root shell=/bin/bash generate_ssh_key=yes ssh_key_bits=2048 ssh_key_file=.ssh/id_rsa" -i ./hosts
web01 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"create_home": true,
"group": 0,
"home": "/home/zls",
"name": "zls",
"shell": "/bin/bash",
"ssh_fingerprint": "2048 SHA256:WEMHCpSjxxqFwlzrCk1FqrPqeq6N/SHxL1gFTSqHlGM ansible-generated on web01 (RSA)",
"ssh_key_file": "/home/zls/.ssh/id_rsa",
"ssh_public_key": "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDRx+bCYGh4FqpKoPzyXrR8ef9GwoY6l6QEFQ0+XPynR22fd9Lbs1eUxWDm5aH4ZO8sPaI8a5xmj88Sipwl0FxlQTjD2X/vreZNEDbwFWrbZ24VvPkfPSSWBh5SxLH6pJt8pGQpPVWuLRMx6yOOxRB1hh9bGFzQNg5z8xqzeogTOoI7cxSFZVuUb5affNj8H5mCw2nAvblV+HNhRzbMlwr+9/EWcCWHDnlVYcELHXjpNJcyGB3VFOu1MPkmLaSTcaB73O0eRvZQkYMBePKJC44tvjHihGhvCk9rzh8qvzHxvMgoMD/+0uKAlIwEvOyfAczb7fxllU0rDtbyPtjbuLsR ansible-generated on web01",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 888
}
web02 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"create_home": true,
"group": 0,
"home": "/home/zls",
"name": "zls",
"shell": "/bin/bash",
"ssh_fingerprint": "2048 SHA256:IepfOosi2Xm8kfr4nOPAhG3fec6o8kpMnJ0/RwN+0F8 ansible-generated on web02 (RSA)",
"ssh_key_file": "/home/zls/.ssh/id_rsa",
"ssh_public_key": "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDEcO9iDKg4X8ya/y9E0eDelAFMp/rxiDSzW31r+REawaQyF4oywcdIagpz0MTg2BeF2WdaYUmHmtmSTfSOMif26+R1FLcL9f9NYu3io/0388jukcTfyN02diXWgqoKtt4Gbm8Bq8sWE4tX/FSYl42fG6bX1AyDSMzzB7ERr2AD/Y9KuKt7cEXDinGjqTFEXw6+x1wBHpotkUisYiZCci+1Nx4YSznVRBveZTlpxMUYmKgwkUXQIt+RoOYzjgD++0md8O7lwJGgODZkahlrf2pOQnmpS4isLi9or4N+DVnqD+cXb/RjgJzPIJZYazgRY3vtAU9DDqm5i049x/VxEqFj ansible-generated on web02",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 888
}
#将明文密码进行hash加密，然后进行用户创建
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m debug -a "msg={{ 'zls' | password_hash('sha512', 'salt') }}" -i ./hosts
web01 | SUCCESS => {
"msg": "$6$salt$gaWhNcZweYlKQcLU1CqyY/UbYqIeUffVz6ESj87aMNfMX.xYBx0Z.67wzLN/hkkxmNut7SvkksPZ2Zlrse98m/"
}
web02 | SUCCESS => {
"msg": "$6$salt$gaWhNcZweYlKQcLU1CqyY/UbYqIeUffVz6ESj87aMNfMX.xYBx0Z.67wzLN/hkkxmNut7SvkksPZ2Zlrse98m/"
}
#创建用户
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m user -a 'name=zls1 password=$6$salt$gaWhNcZweYlKQcLU1CqyY/UbYqIeUffVz6ESj87aMNfMX.xYBx0Z.67wzLN/hkkxmNut7SvkksPZ2Zlrse98m/ create_home=true shell=/bin/bash' -i ./hosts
uid #指定用户的uid
group #指定用户组名称
groups #指定附加组名称
password #给用户添加密码(单引号)
shell #指定用户登录shell
create_home #是否创建家目录
Ansible定时任务模块
| cron |
# 正常使用crond服务
[root@m01 ~]# crontab -l
* * * * * /bin/sh /server/scripts/yum.sh
# 使用ansible添加一条定时任务
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m cron -a "minute=* hour=* day=* month=* weekday=* job='/bin/sh /server/scripts/test.sh'"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m cron -a "job='/bin/sh /server/scripts/test.sh'"
# 设置定时任务注释信息，防止重复，name设定
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m cron -a "name='cron01' job='/bin/sh /server/scripts/test.sh'"
# 删除相应定时任务
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m cron -a "name='ansible cron02' minute=0 hour=0 job='/bin/sh /server/scripts/test.sh' state=absent"
# 注释相应定时任务，使定时任务失效
[root@m01 scripts]# ansible web_group -m cron -a "name='ansible cron01' minute=0 hour=0 job='/bin/sh /server/scripts/test.sh' disabled=no"
Ansible磁盘挂载模块
| mount |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m mount -a "src=172.16.1.31:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=present"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web01 -m mount -a "src=172.16.1.31:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=mounted"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web02 -m mount -a "src=172. 16.1.31:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=unmounted"
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web -m mount -a "src=172.16.1.31:/data path=/data fstype=nfs opts=defaults state=absent"
present # 开机挂载，仅将挂载配置写入/etc/fstab
mounted # 挂载设备，并将配置写入/etc/fstab
unmounted # 卸载设备，不会清除/etc/fstab写入的配置
absent # 卸载设备，会清理/etc/fstab写入的配置
Ansible防火墙模块
| selinux |
#修改配置文件关闭selinux，必须重启
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m selinux -a 'state=disabled' -i ./hosts
[WARNING]: SELinux state temporarily changed from 'enforcing' to 'permissive'. State change will take effect next reboot.
web01 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"configfile": "/etc/selinux/config",
"msg": "Config SELinux state changed from 'enforcing' to 'disabled'",
"policy": "targeted",
"reboot_required": true,
"state": "disabled"
}
web02 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"configfile": "/etc/selinux/config",
"msg": "Config SELinux state changed from 'enforcing' to 'disabled'",
"policy": "targeted",
"reboot_required": true,
"state": "disabled"
}
#临时关闭
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m shell -a 'setenforce 0' -i ./hosts
web02 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
web01 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m shell -a 'getenforce' -i ./hosts
web02 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Permissive
web01 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Permissive
| firewalld |
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m firewalld -a 'service=http permanent=yes state=enabled' -i ./hosts
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m firewalld -a "service=http immediate=yes permanent=yes state=enabled" -i ./hosts
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web_group -m firewalld -a "port=8080-8090/tcp immediate=yes permanent=yes state=enabled" -i ./hosts
service #指定开放或关闭的服务名称
port #指定开放或关闭的端口
permanent #是否添加永久生效
state #开启或者关闭
enabled
disabled
zone #指定配置某个区域
rich_rule #配置辅规则
masquerade #开启地址伪装
immediate #临时生效
source #指定来源IP
Ansible主机信息模块
为什么要讲这个模块？
做过自动化的小伙伴会觉得这个模块非常实用
在公司中总会有一些需求
比如：
1.根据不同主机不同IP创建对应IP的目录
2.根据不同主机不同主机名创建对应主机名的目录
3.自动化运维平台需要自动获取到主机的IP地址，内存信息，磁盘信息，主机名...等
4.如果安装数据库，分配内存为物理内存的80%，此时有3台不同物理内存的机器2G、4G、16G
写一个playbook的情况下，我需要获取到对应主机的内存并作出计算，写判断。
| setup |
1.查看所有详细信息
[root@m01 ~]# ansible web01 -m setup
web01 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"ansible_all_ipv4_addresses": [
"10.0.0.7"
],
"ansible_all_ipv6_addresses": [
"fe80::20c:29ff:fef8:9880"
],
"ansible_apparmor": {
"status": "disabled"
},
"ansible_architecture": "x86_64",
"ansible_bios_date": "04/13/2018",
"ansible_bios_version": "6.00",
"ansible_cmdline": {
"BOOT_IMAGE": "/vmlinuz-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64",
"LANG": "en_US.UTF-8",
"biosdevname": "0",
"net.ifnames": "0",
"quiet": true,
"rhgb": true,
"ro": true,
"root": "UUID=7348b9b1-f2a7-46c6-bede-4f22224dc168"
},
"ansible_date_time": {
"date": "2019-09-10",
"day": "10",
"epoch": "1568115243",
"hour": "19",
"iso8601": "2019-09-10T11:34:03Z",
"iso8601_basic": "20190910T193403218395",
"iso8601_basic_short": "20190910T193403",
"iso8601_micro": "2019-09-10T11:34:03.218468Z",
"minute": "34",
"month": "09",
"second": "03",
"time": "19:34:03",
"tz": "CST",
"tz_offset": "+0800",
"weekday": "星期二",
"weekday_number": "2",
"weeknumber": "36",
"year": "2019"
},
"ansible_default_ipv4": {
"address": "10.0.0.7",
"alias": "eth0",
"broadcast": "10.0.0.255",
"gateway": "10.0.0.2",
"interface": "eth0",
"macaddress": "00:0c:29:f8:98:80",
"mtu": 1500,
"netmask": "255.255.255.0",
"network": "10.0.0.0",
"type": "ether"
},
"ansible_default_ipv6": {},
"ansible_device_links": {
"ids": {
"sr0": [
"ata-VMware_Virtual_IDE_CDROM_Drive_00000000000000000001"
],
"sr1": [
"ata-VMware_Virtual_IDE_CDROM_Drive_10000000000000000001"
]
},
"labels": {},
"masters": {},
"uuids": {
"sda1": [
"8e547355-994a-4bad-a941-da93f4f1cdfd"
],
"sda2": [
"9e4d046c-02cf-47bd-a4bf-1e8b5fa4bed5"
],
"sda3": [
"7348b9b1-f2a7-46c6-bede-4f22224dc168"
]
}
},
"ansible_devices": {
"sda": {
"holders": [],
"host": "SCSI storage controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic 53c1030 PCI-X Fusion-MPT Dual Ultra320 SCSI (rev 01)",
"links": {
"ids": [],
"labels": [],
"masters": [],
"uuids": []
},
"model": "VMware Virtual S",
"partitions": {
"sda1": {
"holders": [],
"links": {
"ids": [],
"labels": [],
"masters": [],
"uuids": [
"8e547355-994a-4bad-a941-da93f4f1cdfd"
]
},
"sectors": "2097152",
"sectorsize": 512,
"size": "1.00 GB",
"start": "2048",
"uuid": "8e547355-994a-4bad-a941-da93f4f1cdfd"
},
"sda2": {
"holders": [],
"links": {
"ids": [],
"labels": [],
"masters": [],
"uuids": [
"9e4d046c-02cf-47bd-a4bf-1e8b5fa4bed5"
]
},
"sectors": "2097152",
"sectorsize": 512,
"size": "1.00 GB",
"start": "2099200",
"uuid": "9e4d046c-02cf-47bd-a4bf-1e8b5fa4bed5"
},
"sda3": {
"holders": [],
"links": {
"ids": [],
"labels": [],
"masters": [],
"uuids": [
"7348b9b1-f2a7-46c6-bede-4f22224dc168"
]
},
"sectors": "37746688",
"sectorsize": 512,
"size": "18.00 GB",
"start": "4196352",
"uuid": "7348b9b1-f2a7-46c6-bede-4f22224dc168"
}
},
"removable": "0",
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