[pixhawk笔记]5-uORB消息传递

本文主要内容翻译自官方文档:https://dev.px4.io/en/middleware/uorb.html

在前一篇笔记中使用uORB完成消息传递,实现了一个简单示例程序,本文将对uORB进行系统学习。

uORB是一种异步发布(publish)/订阅(subscribe)机制的消息API,该机制用于在线程/进程之间通信。uORB在其他程序启动之前自动启动,因为其他很多程序依赖于他。

使用uorb start命令启动它,可以使用uorb_tests开始单元测试。

  • 加入一个新主题
    可以在msg/文件夹里新建一个.msg文件来创建一个新主题,并在msg/CMakeLists.txt中加入,则在编译时会自动生成对应的C/C++代码。
    例如下面是vehicle_attitude.msg中的内容:
    # This is similar to the mavlink message ATTITUDE_QUATERNION, but for onboard use
    float32 rollspeed    # Angular velocity about body north axis (x) in rad/s
    float32 pitchspeed    # Angular velocity about body east axis (y) in rad/s
    float32 yawspeed    # Angular velocity about body down axis (z) in rad/s
    float32[4] q        # Quaternion (NED)
    
    # TOPICS vehicle_attitude vehicle_attitude_groundtruth vehicle_vision_attitude

    在编译后,将在编译目录的src/modules/uORB/topics文件夹下生成vehicle_attitude.h头文件,内容如下:

    /****************************************************************************
     *
     *   Copyright (C) 2013-2016 PX4 Development Team. All rights reserved.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     *
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
     *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
     *    distribution.
     * 3. Neither the name PX4 nor the names of its contributors may be
     *    used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
     *    without specific prior written permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
     * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
     * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
     * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
     * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
     * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
     * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
     * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
     * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
     * ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
     * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     ****************************************************************************/
    
    /* Auto-generated by genmsg_cpp from file /home/spy/src/Firmware/msg/vehicle_attitude.msg */
    
    
    #pragma once
    
    #include <stdint.h>
    #ifdef __cplusplus
    #include <cstring>
    #else
    #include <string.h>
    #endif
    
    #include <uORB/uORB.h>
    
    
    #ifndef __cplusplus
    
    #endif
    
    
    #ifdef __cplusplus
    struct __EXPORT vehicle_attitude_s {
    #else
    struct vehicle_attitude_s {
    #endif
        uint64_t timestamp; // required for logger
        float roll;
        float pitch;
        float yaw;
        float q[4];
        uint8_t _padding0[4]; // required for logger
    
    #ifdef __cplusplus
    
    #endif
    };
    
    /* register this as object request broker structure */
    ORB_DECLARE(vehicle_attitude);
    ORB_DECLARE(vehicle_attitude_groundtruth);
    ORB_DECLARE(vehicle_vision_attitude);

    对于生成的每个C/C++结构体,将会自动添加一个uint64_t timestamp成员,该成员用于logger模块记录数据,所以确保在发布消息时给该成员赋值。
    为了在代码里使用该主题,需要包含如下头文件:

    #include <uORB/topics/topic_name.h>
    

    在.msg的代码中加入如下行,则一条msg定义可以被多个独立的主题实例所使用:

    # TOPICS mission offboard_mission onboard_mission
    

    之后可以在代码中使用 ORB_ID(offboard_mission)来获取主题ID。  

  • 发布主题
    可以在系统中的任何位置发布主题,包括中断内容中(hrt_call API调用的函数)。但是,只能在中断内容之外广播主题。必须同一进程中广播主题,以便随后发布他(不太理解这句话的意思)。

  • 列出和监听主题
    要列出所有的主题,使用
    ls /obj
    

    笔者在飞控刚开机时使用qgroundcontrol的MAVLink控制台,得到所有主题列表如下图:

    nsh> ls /obj
    /obj:
     _obj_
     actuator_armed0
     actuator_controls_00
     actuator_controls_10
     actuator_controls_20
     actuator_controls_30
     actuator_outputs0
     actuator_outputs1
     adc_report0
     airspeed0
     att_pos_mocap0
     battery_status0
     camera_capture0
     camera_trigger0
     commander_state0
     control_state0
     cpuload0
     differential_pressure0
     distance_sensor0
     ekf2_innovations0
     ekf2_timestamps0
     esc_status0
     estimator_status0
     fw_pos_ctrl_status0
     geofence_result0
     gps_dump0
     gps_inject_data0
     home_position0
     input_rc0
     led_control0
     log_message0
     manual_control_setpoint0
     mavlink_log0
     mc_att_ctrl_status0
     mission_result0
     multirotor_motor_limits0
     multirotor_motor_limits1
     offboard_control_mode0
     offboard_mission0
     onboard_mission0
     optical_flow0
     parameter_update0
     position_setpoint_triplet0
     power_button_state0
     rc_channels0
     rc_parameter_map0
     safety0
     satellite_info0
     sensor_accel0
     sensor_accel1
     sensor_accel2
     sensor_baro0
     sensor_baro1
     sensor_combined0
     sensor_correction0
     sensor_gyro0
     sensor_gyro1
     sensor_gyro2
     sensor_mag0
     sensor_mag1
     sensor_mag2
     sensor_mag3
     sensor_preflight0
     sensor_selection0
     servorail_status0
     subsystem_info0
     system_power0
     task_stack_info0
     tecs_status0
     telemetry_status0
     uavcan_parameter_request0
     uavcan_parameter_value0
     vehicle_attitude0
     vehicle_attitude_setpoint0
     vehicle_command0
     vehicle_command_ack0
     vehicle_control_mode0
     vehicle_global_position0
     vehicle_gps_position0
     vehicle_land_detected0
     vehicle_local_position0
     vehicle_local_position_setpoint0
     vehicle_rates_setpoint0
     vehicle_status0
     vehicle_status_flags0
     vehicle_vision_attitude0
     vehicle_vision_position0
     vtol_vehicle_status0
     wind_estimate0

    使用 listener 可以监听主题:

    listener sensor_accel 5

    文档中给出listener只能在Pixracer中使用,不过笔者使用pixhawk2.1运行pixhawk固件,也可以运行listener命令
    结果如下:

    nsh> listener sensor_accel 5
    
    TOPIC: sensor_accel instance 0 #1
    timestamp: 45504766
    integral_dt: 4000
    error_count: 0
    x:   0.0126
    y:   0.4502
    z:  -9.7865
    x_integral:   0.0001
    y_integral:   0.0018
    z_integral:  -0.0392
    temperature:  44.7562
    range_m_s2: 156.9064
    scaling:   0.0048
    x_raw: 41
    y_raw: -123
    z_raw: -2067
    temperature_raw: 3522
    device_id: 1442082
    
    TOPIC: sensor_accel instance 0 #2
    timestamp: 45564766
    integral_dt: 3991
    error_count: 0
    x:   0.0208
    y:   0.4487
    z:  -9.7956
    x_integral:   0.0001
    y_integral:   0.0018
    z_integral:  -0.0390
    temperature:  44.7424
    range_m_s2: 156.9064
    scaling:   0.0048
    x_raw: 45
    y_raw: -121
    z_raw: -2067
    temperature_raw: 3517
    device_id: 1442082
    
    TOPIC: sensor_accel instance 0 #3
    timestamp: 45620766
    integral_dt: 4000
    error_count: 0
    x:   0.0133
    y:   0.4447
    z:  -9.7794
    x_integral:   0.0000
    y_integral:   0.0018
    z_integral:  -0.0391
    temperature:  44.7368
    range_m_s2: 156.9064
    scaling:   0.0048
    x_raw: 44
    y_raw: -122
    z_raw: -2064
    temperature_raw: 3515
    device_id: 1442082
    
    TOPIC: sensor_accel instance 0 #4
    timestamp: 45670381
    integral_dt: 4013
    error_count: 0
    x:   0.0179
    y:   0.4408
    z:  -9.7816
    x_integral:   0.0000
    y_integral:   0.0017
    z_integral:  -0.0393
    temperature:  44.7673
    range_m_s2: 156.9064
    scaling:   0.0048
    x_raw: 47
    y_raw: -121
    z_raw: -2065
    temperature_raw: 3526
    device_id: 1442082
    
    TOPIC: sensor_accel instance 0 #5
    timestamp: 45730379
    integral_dt: 4000
    error_count: 0
    x:   0.0164
    y:   0.4363
    z:  -9.7636
    x_integral:   0.0000
    y_integral:   0.0018
    z_integral:  -0.0390
    temperature:  44.7645
    range_m_s2: 156.9064
    scaling:   0.0048
    x_raw: 49
    y_raw: -123
    z_raw: -2062
    temperature_raw: 3525
    device_id: 1442082



  • uorb top 指令
    uorb top指令用来实时显示每个主题的发布频率,输出如下:
    nsh> uorb top
    
    update: 1s, num topics: 86
    TOPIC NAME                    INST #SUB #MSG #LOST #QSIZE
    sensor_baro                      0    2   66    22 1
    sensor_baro                      1    1   67     0 1
    sensor_mag                       0    1   42     0 1
    vehicle_gps_position             0    6    4    11 1
    sensor_mag                       1    1  108     8 1
    sensor_accel                     0    1  248     0 1
    sensor_gyro                      0    2  248     0 1
    sensor_gyro                      1    2  238     7 1
    sensor_mag                       2    1   99     0 1
    sensor_accel                     1    1  223     0 1
    sensor_mag                       3    1   97     2 1
    sensor_accel                     2    1  250     2 1
    sensor_gyro                      2    2  250     2 1
    adc_report                       0    1   99     0 1
    system_power                     0    2   99    16 1
    vehicle_control_mode             0    7    4     0 1
    actuator_controls_0              0    7  248  1022 1
    sensor_combined                  0    6  248   927 1
    sensor_preflight                 0    1  248     0 1
    battery_status                   0    6   82   218 1
    vehicle_status                   0    8    4     4 1
    actuator_armed                   0    7    4     2 1
    safety                           0    1   41     0 1
    vehicle_local_position           0    7  248   712 1
    vehicle_attitude                 0    5  248   836 1
    vehicle_status_flags             0    0   83     0 1
    其中,每列分别是:主题名称,多实例索引,订阅者数量,发布频率,丢包数(所有订阅者合起来的)和队列大小。

  • 多实例
    uORB提供了一种通过orb_advertise_multi函数来发布同一个主题的多个独立实例的机制。该函数将会返回一个实例索引给发布者。订阅者必须使用orb_subscribe_multi函数并提供实例索引来指定订阅哪个实例(使用orb_subscribe可以订阅第一个实例)。拥有多个实例是十分有用的,比如系统存在多个同类型的传感器时。
    注意对于同一主题,不要混淆orb_advertise_multi和orb_advertise。
    完整的API在src/modules/uORB/uORBManager.hpp中给出。
  • 问题和陷阱
    下面是几种常见的问题和陷阱:
    • 主题没有被发布:确保每个ORB_ID()对应好。有一点比较重要的是必须在orb_publish函数所在的任务中调用orb_subscribe和orb_unsubscribe。
    • 必须使用orb_unsubscribe和orb_unadvertise来清理订阅和广播。
    • 成功调用orb_check或px4_poll后必须使用orb_copy()函数,否则下一个阻塞将会立即返回。
    • 在主题被广播之前就订阅该主题是没有任何问题的。
    • orb_check()和px4_poll()只对订阅后的信息发布返回true。这对不是规律性发布的主题是很重要的。如果一个订阅者需要使用前一组数据,则在orb_subscribe()之后调用orb_copy()即可(在主题没有被发布时,orb_copy()函数会执行失败)。

上文中的内容主要是官方文档里的,给出了uORB的概述,但是没有给出关键函数的解析,由于这部分比较重要,下一篇中笔者将结合代码和文档给出uORB流程和其中关键函数的解析。

posted @ 2017-08-22 17:52  SpyCoder  阅读(2585)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报