英语翻译时句子成分的转换

英译汉时，有时为了通顺，往往需要将原文的某一句子成分转译成另一部分进行句子成分的转换:

一、非主语转译成主语:

1. 定语译为主语

a. If there should be any last-minute change in the sialing time, we’ll contact you by telephone. 开船时间假如临时有更改，我们会用电话通知你。 (状语译为主语)

b. In many countries, free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established, where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs fort their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones. 许多国家都建立了自由港和保税区，在那里，外国商人只要是在本区内，未卸船的货物可以不纳税。

c. The average temperature in summeris as hight as 35C. One can not be pleasant living in that place. 夏天的平均温度高达摄氏35C，生活在那里不可能舒服。

d. A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last year. 外文出版社去年出版了许多新书。

 

2. 谓语译为主语

e. When a material is stressed byong the elastic limit a permaent deformation results. 当一种材料的应力超过弹性极限时，就会产生永久变形。

 

3. 表语译为主语

f. Television is different from radio in that its sends and receives pictures. 电视和无线电的不同点在于电视能收发图象。

 

4. 宾语转译成主语

g.The wise buyer finds ways to make sure that wrong thinking is not allowed to interfere with careful planning in this purchases。(明智的购买者尽量做到购买时不让错误的想法干扰。) 

His father flew into rage with what he had done. (他的所作所为让他的父亲大为光火。)

 

二、被动语态

一般是，主谓语的位子翻译成汉语时需要颠倒，即原来的主语作宾语:

h. Drastic action must be taken if they want to reduce traffic accidents and air pollution. (如果他们想减少交通事故和污染，就必须迅速采取措施。)

i. I was totally upset by what he did in the exam. (他考试时的表现确实让我很担心。)

j. Asia was passed over by the industrial revolution. (工业革命没有光顾亚洲。)

 

(一)、译成带“是”的结构:

k.We were moved to tears by the fact that he came to the meeting in spite of his illness. (最让我感激涕零的是，他带病坚持来开会。) 译成: “由”“把”，“使”等字引导的句子:

l.His mother was dismissed due to the fact that shecouldn’t type fast enough. ( 老板把他的妈妈给解雇了，因为他打字不够快。)

m. She was worried ,because her son had written for a long time. ( 她儿子很长时间没给她写信了，这可把她给担心坏 了。)

n. Wind is caused by air moving between cold and warm region. (风是由冷暖地区流动着的空气引起的。)

 

（二）、 非谓语转译成谓语:

The new rule is applicable to foreigners. 这一项新规定适用与外国人。(表语译为谓语)

There is a need for improvement in your study habits 你的学习习惯需要改进(主语译为谓语)

 

（三）、非宾语转译成宾语:

1. 主语转译成宾语

a. After he was elected chairman of the committee, Mr. Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning. (史密斯当选以后， 人们发现他一大早就到办公室工作了。)

b. Much progress has been made in computer science inless than a century. 不到一个世纪，计算机科学取得了很大进步。(主语译为宾语)

c. How much risk does internationalizaion contain for national identity? (一个国家会在国际化中会有丧失自己的危险吗) 主语译为宾语，状语译为主语

d. The amounht of energy thus lost can be considerably reduced and the life of the macnine prolonged by careful lubrication. 小心加以润滑能大大地减少这样所损失的能量并延长机器寿命。

 

2. 状语译为宾语

Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as too behave elastically in the environmental condition.  结构上用的材料必须选择得使它们在周围环境条件下具有弹性。

 

（四）、非定语转译为定语

1. 主语译为定语

a.The service university is characterized by several features: the existence of professionalschools, short tailor-made course, contracting of services and funding by contracts. (大学提供服务的主要特征有以下几点:建立职业学校、短期培训学校以及提供服务与资助之间的合同签定等。 )

b. The satellite system use this device in varied forms. 卫星系统上的这种装置有各种不同的形状。

2. 宾语转译成定语

c.His speech on the current international economic situation produce the profound influence on research work of that subject. (他的关于目前国际经济形式的讲话，对我们的研究工作产生了很大的影响。

3. 状语译为定语

d. In his composition he made few spelling mistakes. 他在作文中的拼写错误很少。

4. 主语译为定语，谓语译为主语

The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained. 这一通讯系统的主要特征是容易维修。

 

（五）、 非状语转译为状语

(1). 宾语补足语译为状语

a. Don’t you see it was just in fun ? You got it all wrong. 你没看出那不过是开开玩笑吗,你完全误解了。

The professor showed her much attention and gave her some private coaching. 教授对她很关心，给他一些个别辅导。(定语译为状语)

(2). 主语转译成状语

b.After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.(在那之后，由于他年轻时候对学习毫不关心，以及不愿意考虑与运动无关的事情，他终于得到了报应。)

(3). 定语转译成状语

c. We need a dialogue which promotes our mutual responsibility to the international community.(我们需要对话来推进我们两国对国际社会所应承担的责任。)

d. We need a dialogue that prevents any single issue form holding the entire relationship captive. (我们需要对话来防止任何有碍两国关系的事情发生。)

e. His lack of interest in the project upset his colleagues who were trying every possible means to have it carried out.(他对该计划表露出了不感兴趣，这使得他的同事们很担心，因为他们正在尽一切办法来履行这项计划。)

(4). 宾语译成状语:

f.There is high probability that in the 21st century a good number of universities will excel in service rather than conventional academic research. ( 在21世纪，很多大学极有可能会在(大学提供)服务而不是传统的学术研究方面大显身手。)

 

(5). 转译成谓语或者主谓结构:

a.I would like to draw your attention to those sides of introduction of information technologieswhich can pose new problems for education. ( 我想请大家注意的是，介绍信息技术会给教育提出一些新的问题。)

b.The security and warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful. (驱逐舰的病房非常安全，同时，也非常温暖。)

 

四、翻译时句子结构的转换

在英译汉时有时需要将整个句子的结构转换。例如，把英语的简单句译成汉语的复合句，把一种从句译成另一种从句，把并列句译成复合句等，这主要是为了使译文通顺自然，符合汉语的习惯。

（一）、转译成主从复合句

1. 简单句转译成复合句

a. At the slightest improvement in my work they woiuld show warm approval. 我工作梢有改进，他们就热情肯定。

b. His wish is to become a doctor born of a desire to help sick people. 他之所以想当医生是因为他想帮助病人。

c. With the boy leading, the two started towards the village. 孩子在前面带路，两人朝村里走去。

d. Now we have shown their srory to be false. 现在我们已经证明他们的这套话是虚假的。

e. I have read of people living sevral weeks on nothing but a gladss of warter a day. 我曾经从书报上看到过有人一连几个星期只靠一杯水维持生命。

F. He differed from his workmates in spending his spare time reading. 他跟他的伙伴们不同，他把业余时间用在读书上了。

 

2. 并列句转译成复合句

有时，英语的几个小分句译成汉语后就变成了一个主从复和句，例如:

a. Choosing the right career is very important. Most of us spend a great part of our lives at our jobs.For that reason we should try to find out what our talents are and how we can use them.(选则适合自己的工作是很重要的，因为工作占据了我们一生中的大部分时间，所以，我们应尽可能认识一下自己的天赋在什么地方以及怎么样发挥等。)

 

3.分词短语还原译成复合句:

b. People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat, and blood pressure; red is exciting. ( 如果将人暴露给红颜色，他们就会显露出心跳加快、血压增高等;红颜色让人兴奋。)

c. Those living in countries with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less vivacious than inhabitants of countries where the climate is more equable(稳定的). ( 一些人如果生活在有漫长、灰暗冬天的农村比起气候稳定地区的人来说较容易沉默寡言，也不活泼。)

 

4. 短语转译成主从复合句

a. He always tries his utmost to extend help to others whenever necessary. (不管什么时候，只要有可能，他都会帮助别人。)

b. If pressed further, they would become angry. (如果追问急了，他们会很生气的。)

c. Although he didn’t like his job, Bill didn’t want to disappoint his wife by giving up his well-paid new position.(尽管不喜欢他的工作，可他不想放弃，因为那样会让他的妻子很失望。)

d. Something fell in, for I heard a splash. 有东西掉进去了，因为我听到扑通一声。

e. This machine is simple in design, yet it is efficient in operation. 虽然这台机器结构简单，但功效很高。

 

（二）、复合句转译成简单句

While I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help. 我真是爱莫能助。

This is what the molecular frmula means. 这就是此分子式的含义。

There’s something(that)you don’t know. 这些事你不知道。

I must get down to work tonight, as I’ve got exams next week. 今晚我得开始认真复习功课，下星期要考试了。

This cause the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. 这样就盖起了许许多多聚居的高楼大厦。

When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite. (我们赞美中国领导人和中国人民不仅仅是出于礼貌。)

 

（三）、转译成并列句

1. 主从复合句转译成并列句

a. It couldn’t have happened except that it did. 按理说，那是不会发生的，但却发生了。

Besides that the teacher explained the theory, he gave the students a lot of examples. 教师不仅讲解了理论，而且还给学生举了许多例子。

b. While wheels have brought better and more convenient transportation, they have also brought new and unforeseen problems.(轮子带来了更便利的交通手段，可也带来了新的、原来没有过的问题。

 

2. 独立结构译成并列句:

a. With the job finished , they went to the seaside for a holiday. ( 工作做完以后，他们就到海边度假去了。)

b. With all his savings gone, he started to look for a job. ( 积蓄都用完以后，他就开始去找工作。)

 

3. 简单句转译成并列句:

He was terribly frightened. He had no gun in the shop. His only weapon was the pair of scissorshe used for cutting cloth. (他一下子给吓懵了，店里有没有武器，唯一有的就是剪布用的一把剪刀。)

 

4. 副词译成介词短语:

And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night,it is morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. (不管你喜不喜欢，如果她把你家的门廊作为她晚间栖息的场所，从道义上讲 ，你很难将她赶走，这就象很难赶走一个丧家犬一样。)

 

5. 不同种类从句的相互转换

Electonic computers, which have many advantgages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. 虽然电子计算机有很多优点，但它们不能进行创造性工作，因此代替不了人。(定语译成状语)

Gases are different from solic in that the former have greater comprssibililty than the latter. 气体不同与固体，因为气体比固体有更大的压缩性(定语从句译为状语从句)  

 

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