LINQ（02）：LINQ查询操作符实例1

示例业务背景介绍

示例参考《C#高级编程（第六版）》LINQ章节（P267 - P296），进行改编。

打开示例代码我们看到：

1、Racer.cs 车手冠军信息类

定义一级方程式世界车手冠军信息。    

2、Team.cs 车队冠军信息类

定义一级方程式世界车队冠军信息。

3、Formula1.cs 一级方程式类

包含两个重要静态方法：（F1是"Formula One"的缩写）

1. GetChampions()：返回一组车手列表。这个列表包含了1950到2007年之间的所有一级方程式世界车手冠军。
2. GetContructorChampions()：返回一组车队列表。这个列表包含了1985到2007年之间的所有一级方程式世界车队冠军。

[Serializable]
public class Racer : IComparable<Racer>, IFormattable, IEquatable<Racer>
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
    public int Wins { get; set; }
    public string Country { get; set; }
    public int Starts { get; set; }
    public string[] Cars { get; set; }
    public int[] Years { get; set; }


    public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
    {
        switch (format)
        {
            case null:
            case "N":
                return ToString();
            case "F":
                return FirstName;
            case "L":
                return LastName;
            case "C":
                return Country;
            case "S":
                return Starts.ToString();
            case "W":
                return Wins.ToString();
            case "A":
                return String.Format("{0} {1}, {2}; starts: {3}, wins: {4}",
                   FirstName, LastName, Country, Starts, Wins);
            default:
                throw new FormatException(String.Format(
                   "Format {0} not supported", format));
        }
    }

    public bool Equals(Racer other)
    {
        return this.FirstName == other.FirstName && this.LastName == other.LastName;
    }


    public int CompareTo(Racer other)
    {
        return this.LastName.CompareTo(other.LastName);
    }

    public string ToString(string format)
    {
        return ToString(format, null);
    }

    public override string ToString()
    {
        return String.Format("{0} {1}", FirstName, LastName);
    }
}

public class Team
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int[] Years { get; set; }
}

public class Formula1
{
    //返回车手冠军列表
    public static List<Racer> GetChampions()
    {
        List<Racer> racers = new List<Racer>(40);
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nino", LastName = "Farina", Country = "Italy", Starts = 33, Wins = 5, Years = new int[] { 1950 }, Cars = new string[] { "Alfa Romeo" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alberto", LastName = "Ascari", Country = "Italy", Starts = 32, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1952, 1953 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Juan Manuel", LastName = "Fangio", Country = "Argentina", Starts = 51, Wins = 24, Years = new int[] { 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 }, Cars = new string[] { "Alfa Romeo", "Maserati", "Mercedes", "Ferrari" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mike", LastName = "Hawthorn", Country = "UK", Starts = 45, Wins = 3, Years = new int[] { 1958 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Phil", LastName = "Hill", Country = "USA", Starts = 48, Wins = 3, Years = new int[] { 1961 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "John", LastName = "Surtees", Country = "UK", Starts = 111, Wins = 6, Years = new int[] { 1964 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jim", LastName = "Clark", Country = "UK", Starts = 72, Wins = 25, Years = new int[] { 1963, 1965 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jack", LastName = "Brabham", Country = "Australia", Starts = 125, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1959, 1960, 1966 }, Cars = new string[] { "Cooper", "Brabham" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Denny", LastName = "Hulme", Country = "New Zealand", Starts = 112, Wins = 8, Years = new int[] { 1967 }, Cars = new string[] { "Brabham" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Graham", LastName = "Hill", Country = "UK", Starts = 176, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1962, 1968 }, Cars = new string[] { "BRM", "Lotus" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jochen", LastName = "Rindt", Country = "Austria", Starts = 60, Wins = 6, Years = new int[] { 1970 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jackie", LastName = "Stewart", Country = "UK", Starts = 99, Wins = 27, Years = new int[] { 1969, 1971, 1973 }, Cars = new string[] { "Matra", "Tyrrell" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Emerson", LastName = "Fittipaldi", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 143, Wins = 14, Years = new int[] { 1972, 1974 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus", "McLaren" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "James", LastName = "Hunt", Country = "UK", Starts = 91, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1976 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mario", LastName = "Andretti", Country = "USA", Starts = 128, Wins = 12, Years = new int[] { 1978 }, Cars = new string[] { "Lotus" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jody", LastName = "Scheckter", Country = "South Africa", Starts = 112, Wins = 10, Years = new int[] { 1979 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alan", LastName = "Jones", Country = "Australia", Starts = 115, Wins = 12, Years = new int[] { 1980 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Keke", LastName = "Rosberg", Country = "Finland", Starts = 114, Wins = 5, Years = new int[] { 1982 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Niki", LastName = "Lauda", Country = "Austria", Starts = 173, Wins = 25, Years = new int[] { 1975, 1977, 1984 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari", "McLaren" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nelson", LastName = "Piquet", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 204, Wins = 23, Years = new int[] { 1981, 1983, 1987 }, Cars = new string[] { "Brabham", "Williams" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Ayrton", LastName = "Senna", Country = "Brazil", Starts = 161, Wins = 41, Years = new int[] { 1988, 1990, 1991 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Nigel", LastName = "Mansell", Country = "UK", Starts = 187, Wins = 31, Years = new int[] { 1992 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Alain", LastName = "Prost", Country = "France", Starts = 197, Wins = 51, Years = new int[] { 1985, 1986, 1989, 1993 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren", "Williams" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Damon", LastName = "Hill", Country = "UK", Starts = 114, Wins = 22, Years = new int[] { 1996 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Jacques", LastName = "Villeneuve", Country = "Canada", Starts = 165, Wins = 11, Years = new int[] { 1997 }, Cars = new string[] { "Williams" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Mika", LastName = "Hakkinen", Country = "Finland", Starts = 160, Wins = 20, Years = new int[] { 1998, 1999 }, Cars = new string[] { "McLaren" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Michael", LastName = "Schumacher", Country = "Germany", Starts = 250, Wins = 91, Years = new int[] { 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 }, Cars = new string[] { "Benetton", "Ferrari" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Fernando", LastName = "Alonso", Country = "Spain", Starts = 105, Wins = 19, Years = new int[] { 2005, 2006 }, Cars = new string[] { "Renault" } });
        racers.Add(new Racer() { FirstName = "Kimi", LastName = "Räikkönen", Country = "Finland", Starts = 122, Wins = 15, Years = new int[] { 2007 }, Cars = new string[] { "Ferrari" } });
        return racers;
    }
    //返回车队冠军列表
    public static List<Team> GetContructorChampions()
    {
        List<Team> teams = new List<Team>(20);
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Vanwall", Years = new int[] { 1958 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Cooper", Years = new int[] { 1959, 1960 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Ferrari", Years = new int[] { 1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "BRM", Years = new int[] { 1962 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Lotus", Years = new int[] { 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1978 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Brabham", Years = new int[] { 1966, 1967 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Matra", Years = new int[] { 1969 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Tyrrell", Years = new int[] { 1971 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "McLaren", Years = new int[] { 1974, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Williams", Years = new int[] { 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Benetton", Years = new int[] { 1995 } });
        teams.Add(new Team() { Name = "Renault", Years = new int[] { 2005, 2006 } });

        return teams;
    }
}

一、筛选操作符

where子句合并多个表达式。 根据条件返回匹配元素的集合IEnumerable。

业务说明：找出赢得至少15场比赛的英国和奥地利赛车手。

var racers = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
             where r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria")
             select r;

foreach (var racer in racers)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer);
}

下面代码有Where扩展方法Where和Select调用。

var racers = Formula1.GetChampions().
    Where(r => r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria")).
    Select(r => r);

结果：

//Niki Lauda, Austria; starts: 173, wins: 25
//Nelson Piquet, Brazil; starts: 204, wins: 23
//Ayrton Senna, Brazil; starts: 161, wins: 41

1、索引器筛选

索引是筛选器返回的每个结果的计数器。下面由Where扩展方法调用， 使用索引返回。

业务说明：找出上述的、索引为偶数的赛车手

var racers1 = Formula1.GetChampions()
     .Where((r, index)=> r.Wins > 15 && (r.Country == "Brazil" || r.Country == "Austria") && index % 2 != 0)
     .Select(r => r);

结果：

Nelson Piquet

2、类型筛选OfType

基于类型筛选，使用 OfType 扩展方法。

业务说明：取出下面所有int类型的参数

object[] data = { "one", 1, 2, "li" };
var query = data.OfType<int>();

foreach (var intValue in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0}", intValue);
}
//1
//2

例2：取出下面racer类型的值

IList mixedList = new ArrayList();
mixedList.Add( Formula1.GetChampions()[0]);
mixedList.Add(Formula1.GetContructorChampions()[0]);
mixedList.Add("Two");
mixedList.Add(3);

var query = mixedList.OfType<Racer>();

foreach (var item in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0}", item);
}

二、投影操作符

1、Select 子句

将序列的每个元素经过lambda表达式处理后投影到一个新类型元素上。

（与SelectMany不同在于，若单个元素投影到IEnumerable，Select不会对多个IEnumerable进行合并）

用Select方法创建匿名类型

var query2 = Formula1.GetChampions()
     .GroupBy(r => r.Country)
     .Select(g => new { Group = g, Count = g.Count() })
     .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count)
     .ThenBy(g => g.Group.Key)
     .Where(g => g.Count > 1)
     .Select(g => new
     {
         Country = g.Group.Key,
         Count = g.Count
     });

foreach (var racer in query2)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer);
}

结果：

{ Country = UK, Count = 8 }
{ Country = Brazil, Count = 3 }
{ Country = Finland, Count = 3 }
{ Country = Australia, Count = 2 }
{ Country = Austria, Count = 2 }
{ Country = Italy, Count = 2 }
{ Country = USA, Count = 2 }

相应的lambda表达式：

var query3 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
             group r by r.Country into g
             let count=g.Count()
             orderby count descending, g.Key
             where count > 1
             select new
             {
                 Country = g.Key,
                 Count = count

             };

foreach (var racer in query3)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer);
}

2、复合的From子句

业务说明：筛选驾驶法拉利的所有冠军

var ferrariDrivers = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
                     from c in r.Cars
                     where c == "Ferrari"
                     orderby r.LastName
                     select r.FirstName + " " + r.LastName;

foreach (var racer in ferrariDrivers)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer);
}

结果：

Alberto Ascari
Juan Manuel Fangio
Mike Hawthorn
Phil Hill
Niki Lauda
Kimi Räikkönen
Jody Scheckter
Michael Schumacher
John Surtees

C#编译器会把复合的from语句转换为SelectMany方法。

var ferrariDrivers = Formula1.GetChampions()

.SelectMany(r => r.Cars, (r, c) => new { Racer = r, Car = c })

.Where(r => r.Car == "Ferrari")

.OrderBy(r => r.Racer.LastName)

.Select(r => r.Racer.FirstName + " " + r.Racer.LastName);

符合from子句，将子集合与复集合在同一个表平行展示。

var ferrariDrivers = Formula1.GetChampions()
.SelectMany(r => r.Cars, (r, c) => new { Racer = r, Car = c })
.Where(r => r.Racer.Country == "UK")
.OrderBy(r => r.Racer.LastName)
.ThenBy(r => r.Car)
.Select(r => r);


foreach (var racer in ferrariDrivers)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer + " :" + racer.Racer.Cars);
}

结果：

{ Racer = Jim Clark, Car = Lotus } :Lotus
{ Racer = Mike Hawthorn, Car = Ferrari } :Ferrari
{ Racer = Graham Hill, Car = BRM } :BRM
{ Racer = Graham Hill, Car = Lotus } :BRM
{ Racer = Damon Hill, Car = Williams } :Williams
{ Racer = James Hunt, Car = McLaren } :McLaren
{ Racer = Nigel Mansell, Car = Williams } :Williams
{ Racer = Jackie Stewart, Car = Matra } :Matra
{ Racer = Jackie Stewart, Car = Tyrrell } :Matra
{ Racer = John Surtees, Car = Ferrari } :Ferrari

三、let子句

上面的例子：

var query8 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
             group r by r.Country into g
             orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key
             where g.Count() > 1
             select new
             {
                 Country = g.Key,
                 Count = g.Count()
             };

上面的分组查询Count方法调用了多次。使用let子句可以改变这种形式

var query10 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
              group r by r.Country into g
              let count = g.Count()
              orderby count descending, g.Key
              where count > 1
              select new
              {
                    Country = g.Key,
                    Count = count
              };

四、排序操作符

业务说明：来自英国的赛车手按照赢得比赛的次数进行降序排序

var query6 = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
             where r.Country == "UK"
             orderby r.Wins descending
             select r;

foreach (var racer in query6)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer);
}

结果：

Nigel Mansell, UK; starts: 187, wins: 31
Jackie Stewart, UK; starts: 99, wins: 27
Jim Clark, UK; starts: 72, wins: 25
Damon Hill, UK; starts: 114, wins: 22
Graham Hill, UK; starts: 176, wins: 14
James Hunt, UK; starts: 91, wins: 10
John Surtees, UK; starts: 111, wins: 6
Mike Hawthorn, UK; starts: 45, wins: 3

使用OrderBy()，OrderByDescending方式替换掉上面的写法：

var racers2 = Formula1.GetChampions()
    .Where(r => r.Country == "UK")
    .OrderByDescending(r => r.Wins)
    .Select(r => r);

1、使用ThenBy() 和 ThenByDescending() 方法继续排序进行二次排序

业务说明：获取车手冠军列表，并依次按照Country升序、LastName降序、FirstName升序进行排序。扩展方法 Take 提取前面 10 个元素。

// 查询表达式
var racers = (from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
              orderby r.Country, r.LastName descending, r.FirstName
              select r).Take(10);
// 方法语法
var racers1 = Formula1.GetChampions()
    .OrderBy(r => r.Country)
    .ThenByDescending(r => r.LastName)
    .ThenBy(r => r.FirstName).Take(10); 

foreach (var racer in racers)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", racer);
}
//Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentina; starts: 51, wins: 24
//Alan Jones, Australia; starts: 115, wins: 12
//Jack Brabham, Australia; starts: 125, wins: 14
//Jochen Rindt, Austria; starts: 60, wins: 6
//Niki Lauda, Austria; starts: 173, wins: 25
//Ayrton Senna, Brazil; starts: 161, wins: 41
//Nelson Piquet, Brazil; starts: 204, wins: 23
//Emerson Fittipaldi, Brazil; starts: 143, wins: 14
//Jacques Villeneuve, Canada; starts: 165, wins: 11
//Keke Rosberg, Finland; starts: 114, wins: 5

五、分组操作符

根据一个关键字值对查询结果进行分组，使用 group 子句。

子句 group r by r.Country into g 根据 Country 属性组合。并定义一个新的标识符g，它以后用于访问分组的结果信息。

业务说明：列出每个国家的冠军数

var countries = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
                group r by r.Country into g
                orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key
                where g.Count() > 1
                select new
                {
                    Country = g.Key,
                    Count = g.Count()
                };

foreach (var country in countries)
{
    Console.WriteLine(format: "{0,-10} {1}", arg0: country.Country, arg1: country.Count);
}

结果：

UK         8
Brazil     3
Finland    3
Australia  2
Austria    2
Italy      2
USA        2

使用扩展方法，子句 group r by r.Country into g 解析为 GroupBy(r => r.Country) 返回分组序列。

var countries = Formual.GetChampions()
            .GroupBy(r => r.Country)
            .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count())
            .ThenBy(g => g.Key)
            .Where(g => g.Count() > 1)
            .Select(g => new { Country = g.Key, Count = g.Count() });

返回值为 IEnumerable。

1、对嵌套的对象分组

分组的对象包含嵌套的序列，可以改变 select 子句创建的匿名类型。

业务说明：分组查询每个国家获得冠军的赛车手人数，人数必须大于3，返回国家名称、国家赛车手冠军数量、赛车手名称。

var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
            group r by r.Country into g
            orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key
            where g.Count() >= 3
            select new
            {
                Country = g.Key,
                count = g.Count(),
                RacerNickName = from r1 in g orderby r1.FirstName select r1.FirstName + " " + r1.LastName
            };

foreach (var g in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}",g.Country+" "+g.count);
    foreach (var element in  g.RacerNickName)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("---{0:A}",element);
    }
}

对应的扩展方法：

var query1 = Formula1.GetChampions()
    .GroupBy(r => r.Country)
    .OrderByDescending(g => g.Count())
    .ThenBy(g => g.Key)
    .Where(g => g.Count() >= 3)
    .Select(g => new
    {
        Country = g.Key,
        count = g.Count(),
        RacerNickName = g.OrderBy(r1 => r1.FirstName).Select(r1 => r1.FirstName + " " + r1.LastName)
    });

结果：

UK 8
---Damon Hill
---Graham Hill
---Jackie Stewart
---James Hunt
---Jim Clark
---John Surtees
---Mike Hawthorn
---Nigel Mansell
Brazil 3
---Ayrton Senna
---Emerson Fittipaldi
---Nelson Piquet
Finland 3
---Keke Rosberg
---Kimi Räikkönen
---Mika Hakkinen

2、多字段分组

var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
            group r by new { r.Country, r.LastName } into g
            orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key.Country, g.Key.LastName
            where g.Count() >= 1
            select new
            {
                MyGroup = g.Key,
                count = g.Count(),
                Racers = g
            };

foreach (var g in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", g.MyGroup + " : " + g.count);
    foreach (var element in g.Racers)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("---{0:A}", element);
    }
}

结果：

{ Country = UK, LastName = Hill } : 2
---Graham Hill, UK; starts: 176, wins: 14
---Damon Hill, UK; starts: 114, wins: 22
{ Country = Argentina, LastName = Fangio } : 1
---Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentina; starts: 51, wins: 24

。。。

3、分组后再每组里面仅取满足条件的行

var query = from r in Formula1.GetChampions()
            group r by r.Country into g
            let maxId = g.Max(a => a.Wins)
            orderby g.Key
            where g.Count() >= 1
            from row in g
            where row.Wins == maxId
            select row;


foreach (var g in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine("{0:A}", g);
}