Linux之挂载新的硬盘
1.查看磁盘的信息
1.1在命令行输入lsblk (记忆:老师不离开的首字母)
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
fd0
sda
├─sda1 xfs 82d922cb-2c9e-4166-b67c-7a1dc20f91a1 /boot
└─sda2 LVM2_member WpJ9CZ-d0Eb-4iFO-rkjM-cKlZ-Igxi-JA0Gre
├─centos-root xfs b27dd445-e537-4c56-8d62-43ca3325ee87 /
└─centos-swap swap 5d58bc3f-0b7f-4296-b004-f525a8c19af6 [SWAP]
sdb
sr0
其中的sdb就是我们新添加的磁盘,sda就是我们在第一次安装linux操作系统的时候设置的硬盘
磁盘/dev/sda已经分区，并格式化后挂载在了对应的MOUNTPOINT下面
1.2 通过fdisk -l 也可以看到磁盘的信息
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 536.9 GB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000b03fe
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 104857599 51379200 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 48.4 GB, 48444211200 bytes, 94617600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 4160 MB, 4160749568 bytes, 8126464 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
可以看到磁盘/dev/sda已经分区了
2.对磁盘的进行分区设置
2.1 命令行输入 fdisk /dev/sdb [sdb为你新添磁盘名称]
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x15fe3583.
Command (m for help):
输入n 添加分区，然后输入 p 设置当前分区为主分区。
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number 代表这是该磁盘的第n个分区,我们这里输入1
First sector 代表磁盘的开始扇区
Last sector 代表结束扇区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 //划分为一个分区
First sector (2048-1048575999, default 2048): //默认
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1048575999, default 1048575999): //默认
Using default value 1048575999
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 GiB is set
这里我们就划分一个扇区，所以都选默认的
Command (m for help): m //输入m进去命令选择行
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): w //保存之前的操作
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
设置完后输入w保存当前的操作
2.2 此时我们再输入lsblk -f 查看当前的磁盘信息。我们可以看到sdb下面的分支上出现了sdb1节点。这说明我们的分区成功了!
3.对分区格式化
3.1 在命令行输入 mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
[root@ecs-iot-0004 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.45.3 (14-Jul-2019)
The file /dev/vdb1 does not exist and no size was specified.
上面的报错很有可能是打错了，看不出来的编码，如果错了不要复制粘贴，一定要手敲
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 //格式化
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
32768000 inodes, 131071744 blocks
6553587 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2279604224
4000 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
输入完上述命令后，就可以完成格式化了
3.格式化完成后,可以通过lsblk -f 查看是否成功!
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
fd0
sda
├─sda1 xfs 82d922cb-2c9e-4166-b67c-7a1dc20f91a1 /boot
└─sda2 LVM2_member WpJ9CZ-d0Eb-4iFO-rkjM-cKlZ-Igxi-JA0Gre
├─centos-root xfs b27dd445-e537-4c56-8d62-43ca3325ee87 /
└─centos-swap swap 5d58bc3f-0b7f-4296-b004-f525a8c19af6 [SWAP]
sdb
└─sdb1 ext4 34f5215e-4b2c-4b27-8a73-8bbb17c6da24
sr0
4.挂载磁盘
在linux中,用户不能直接访问硬件设备，需要将硬件设备挂载到系统目录上，硬件才可以让用户访问到。因此我们需要将格式化后的分区挂载到具体的目录下。
4.1.创建一个系统目录,mkdir -p /data
mkdir -p /data
4.2 临时挂载
[root@MYHOST-821 /]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data
[root@MYHOST-821 /]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
fd0
sda
├─sda1 xfs 82d922cb-2c9e-4166-b67c-7a1dc20f91a1 /boot
└─sda2 LVM2_member WpJ9CZ-d0Eb-4iFO-rkjM-cKlZ-Igxi-JA0Gre
├─centos-root xfs b27dd445-e537-4c56-8d62-43ca3325ee87 /
└─centos-swap swap 5d58bc3f-0b7f-4296-b004-f525a8c19af6 [SWAP]
sdb
└─sdb1 ext4 34f5215e-4b2c-4b27-8a73-8bbb17c6da24 /data
sr0
mount /dev/sdb1 /data 将 /dev/sdb1 挂载到了 /data 目录，完成了临时挂载
4.3 永久挂载
永久挂载时需要修改 /etc/fstab 文件，进行永久挂载
$ vi /etc/fstab # 编辑 fstab 文件
# 在文件中加入下面代码
/dev/sdb1 /data ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@MYHOST-821 /]# vi /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Sep 18 10:57:59 2020
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=82d922cb-2c9e-4166-b67c-7a1dc20f91a1 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /data ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@MYHOST-821 /]# mount -a
在修改/etc/fstab文件后，运行mount -a命令验证一下配置是否正确
执行mount -a命令后，用df -h查看会发现磁盘已经挂载成功，说明输入没有错误。
[root@MYHOST-821 /]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 7.8G 12M 7.8G 1% /run
tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root 46G 1.6G 44G 4% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 149M 866M 15% /boot
tmpfs 1.6G 0 1.6G 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 493G 73M 467G 1% /data
下次重启的时候系统就可以自动进行挂载了
总结
linux磁盘挂载分为安装磁盘,分区,格式化,挂载四个步骤。
mkfs.xfs 命令找不到的解决方法
对硬盘进行格式化：
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
-bash: mkfs.ext4: command not found
可能是系统不完全安装
运行 which mkfs 查看mkfs的命令目录
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# which mkfs
/usr/sbin/mkfs
查看目录
[root@ZH07-TXN-2086 ~]# ls -la /sbin/mkfs*
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11520 Feb 3 2021 /sbin/mkfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 375240 Aug 7 2017 /sbin/mkfs.btrfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 37024 Feb 3 2021 /sbin/mkfs.cramfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 96336 Sep 30 2020 /sbin/mkfs.ext2
-rwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 96336 Sep 30 2020 /sbin/mkfs.ext3
-rwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 96336 Sep 30 2020 /sbin/mkfs.ext4
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28720 Oct 31 2018 /sbin/mkfs.fat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 37136 Feb 3 2021 /sbin/mkfs.minix
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Jun 27 11:14 /sbin/mkfs.msdos -> mkfs.fat
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Jun 27 11:14 /sbin/mkfs.vfat -> mkfs.fat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 368424 Aug 9 2019 /sbin/mkfs.xfs
没有 mkfs.xfs需要安装 xfsprogs rpm包
#yum -y install xfsprogs
有的话就说明直接不行，需要
[root@MYHOST-821 ~]# /usr/sbin/mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
