packet英语语法

第一讲、语序和五种基本句式

• 英语的五种基本句式

  • S(subject） V(verb):主+谓

    • 主语是动作的主体

    • 谓语是动作本身

    • The universe remians.//宇宙长存。
      

  • S L.V (link verb) P(predicative):主+系+表

    • 系动词：启到联系作用的动词，用来联系主语和表语

    • 表语：一般是描述主语的性质、特点和位置的词

    • The food is delicious.//食物好吃。
      

  • S V O(object):主+谓+宾

    • 宾语：动作执行的对象

    • He took his bag and left.//他拿着他的包离开了。
      

  • S V o O:主+谓+间宾+直宾（动作执行在两个物体上）

    • 间宾通常是人

    • 直宾通常是物

    • Her father bought her a dictionary.//她父亲给她买了一本词典。
      

  • S V O C(complement):主+谓+宾+宾补

    • 宾补：当宾语不能完全说明动作执行的对象的属性时，用宾补来补充说明

    • We made him our monitor.//我们选他当班长 
      //make sb sth使某人成为什么、 任命某人某种职务
      

第二讲 be动词的形式和用法

• be动词的形式

  • be,is,am,are,was,were,being（现在分词）,been（过去分词）

  1.The man is back.
  2.They are back.
  3.He was back.
  4.They wew back.
  5.They hava been back.//现在完成时
  

• be动词的用法

  • 后接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语
  • be动词起连接作用，连接前面的主语和后面的补足语成分

  1.The man is a teacher.//a teacher是man的补充说明(补足语)
  2.Mary‘s new dresses are colorful. 
  3.My mother was in the kitchen.
  

第三讲 be动词的否定、提问、回答

• be动词的否定

  • 在am，is，are，was，were后面加not
  • 缩略式am not，isn't,aren't,wasn't,weren't

  1.The man isn't back.
  2.I am not back.
  3.They aren't back.
  4.He wasn't back.
  5.They weren't back.
  

• be动词的提问和回答

  • be动词提前

  -Is he a teacher?
  -Yes,he is./No,he isn't.
  
  -Are you a teacher?
  -Yes,I am./No,I am not.
  
  -Were they teachers?
  -Yes,they were./No,they weren't.
  

  第四讲、代词的主格和宾格

• 代词：代替名词或一句话的一种词类。

• 主格代词（做主语）：

  • I、he、she、it、you、we、they

  1.I am a teacher.
  2.He is a teacher.
  3.You are teachers.
  

• 宾格代词(做宾语)：

  • me、him、her、it、you、us、them

  1.He likes me.
  2.We like her.
  3.I like them.
  

第五讲、名词性、形容词性物主代词

物主代词是代词的一种，也被叫作“人称代词的所有格”。“物主”顾名思义，就是“事物的主人”，主要用来表示所有关系——这一点与名词所有格何其相似。

• 形容词性物主代词（像形容词一样可以修改名词的物主代词）
  • 半数形式：my，your，his/her/its,one's
  • 复数形式：our，your，their

1.This is my book.
2.We love our motherland(祖国).
3.Those are your socks.

• 名词性物主代词（做名词性成分）
  • 单数形式：mine，yours，his/hers/its，one's
  • 复数形式：ours，yours，theirs

1.The book is ours.
2.The apple is hers.

第六讲、反身代词

表示某人自己。

• mysel、youself、herself、himself、itself
• yourselves、ourselves、themselves
• 做宾馆，或名词的同位语

1.Please help youself to some fish.//请随便吃些鱼吧（做宾语）
2.We enjoyed ourselves last night.//我们昨天晚上玩的很愉快(做宾语)
3.The thing itself is not important.//这件事本身不重要（做同位语）

第七讲、实意动词的特征

• 实意动词,做谓语，有时态及数量(指单复数)上的变化

  • come read go watch play fly

  1.He comes from Shenyang.//一般现在时
  2.She is reading stroy books.//现在进行时
  3.They went to America yesterday.//一般过去时
  4.We have watched the game for three times.//现在完成时，表示动作已经发生
  5.My mother will fly back to China next month.//现在将来时
  

第八讲、实意动词的否定、提问、回答

• 使用助动词进行否定
  • 在助动词do、does、did后加not
  • do not =don't
  • does not =doesn't
  • did not =didn't

1.I don't go to school by bus.
2.She doesn't watch TV everyday.//除了第三人称单数的一般现在时，其他都使用don't
3.They didn't swim last night. 

• 使用助动词进行提问

1.He often plays golf.
Does he often play golf?//单三变原型
Yes，he does./No,he doesn't.

2.They go to school by bus.
Do they go to school by bus?
Yes,they do./No,they don't.

3.Sam had breakfast yesterday.
Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?
Yes,he did./No,he didn't.

第九讲、使用疑问词进行提问和回答

• 使用疑问词进行提问

  when、where、who、what、how

He bought three books yesterday.
1.Who bought three books yesterday?//对主语进行提问,按陈述句来写就行
2.What did he buy yesterday?//对非主语(宾语)进行提问，助动词提前，原名中没有助动词加一个助动词，动词变为原型
3.When did he buy three books?//对非主语进行提问，助动词提前，原名中没有助动词加一个助动词，动词变为原型

第十讲、使用疑问词进行提问和回答二

• 使用疑问词进行提问
  • how long、how far、how often、why

1.They have been in China for three years.
How long have they been in China?//have为助动词 提前

2.It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi'an.
How far is it from Beijing to Xi'an?//系动词提前

3.They come to visit me once a week.
How often do they come to visit me?//助动词do提前

4.She came late,because she missed the bus.
Why did she come late?

第十一讲、名词

代表事物的词

• 名词分两类：

  • 可数名词（countable noun）

    • 指数得过来的概念，如apple、pencil、student
    • 可数名词有单数和复数之分
      • apple-apples
      • pencil-pencils
      • tomato-tomatoes
    • 名词变复数规则
      • 一般末尾加上后缀-s friend-friends
      • 以s、z、x、ch、sh结局的词，在词末尾加-es bus-buses
      • 辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变成i，加es candy-candies
      • 以o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词(从别的国家引入的词)或缩写，就加es tomato-tomatoes hippo-hipopos（hippopotamus的缩写形式）
    • 元音和辅音字母
      • 元音字母：AEIOU
      • 辅音字母：剩余21个字母
    • 可数名词前可加a（an）或量词(表示数量的量词)
      • 以元音开头的用an;以辅音开头的用a
      • apple-an apple-apples-a box of apples
      • tomato-a tomato-tomatoes-a bag of tomatoes

  • 不可数名词（uncountable noun）

    • 无法计算的数量或抽象概念，如salt、coffee、water、history、love
    • 不可数名词无复数，只用单数表示
      • salt-salt
      • coffee-coffee
      • wate-water
    • 不可数名词前不可加a（an），没有复数，但可加量词
      • coffee-a cup of coffee

    第十二讲、指示代词和不定代词

• 指示代词

  • 标识人或者事物的代词，用来代替前面已提到过的名词
  • this(thest)、that(those)

  1.This is his book.
  2.Those apples were his.
  

• 不定代词

  • 指代不确定的人或者事物
  • 常用的不定代词：
    • one、the other、some、any、something、nothing

  1.No one knows where he is.
  2.Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the others want to go to Xi'an.
  3.Each of the students has got a book.
  

  第十三讲、形容词

• 形容词通常人或事物的状态、性质、大小等，通常用在名词前，be动词后做表语。

  • the beautiful girl
  • The girl is beautiful.

• The+形容词=复数名词，表示一类，后面的动词使用复数

  • old -the old
  • young-the young
  • The old need more care than the young.

第十四讲、副词

• 副词可以修饰动词，形容词，其它副词以及其他结构
• 修饰动词时一般表示动作发生的程度或时间
• 修饰形容词时一般表示所修饰的形容词程度

1.He runs fast.
She is very beatiful.
They work very hard.//hard和very都是副词

• 副词的位置

  • 根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后。
  • 形容词之前，其他副词之前或之后。
  • 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

  1.He speaks very fast.
  //fast修饰speak,放在实意动词的后面;very修饰fast，放在副词的前面
  
  
  2.They have already left.
  //already是副词，放在助动词have的后面
  
  
  3.They have already been repaired.
  //have和been都是助动词，already放在了第一个助动词之后
  

  • 常用的时间频度副词（always,usually,often,sometimes,never...）的位置通常放在一般动词前面，be动词后面，助动词和实意动词之间。

  1.They always come early.
  2.Sam often writes homework at 7:00.
  

第十五讲 不定量表达法一

• some any most every all

• some、any都表示“一些”

  • some用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可用在疑问句中
  • any主要用于否定和疑问句中。

  1.I'd been expecting some letters the whole moring,but there weren't any for me.
  

• most作形容词时表示大部分的，后面接复数名词

  Most people here are from China.
  

• every表示“每一个，所有”，后接单数名词

  Every one likes the film.
  

• all表示“所有”，后接可数名词复数，不可数名词的单数

  1.All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
  2.All the coffee is served on time.
  

  第十六讲、不定量表达法二

• both、either、neither

• both表示两者都，可作形容词，代表和副词

• either是两者之一

• neither是两者都不

1.Both (of) his eyes were severely burned. //of可省略，如果是宾格如them，则of不可省略
2.There are trees on either side of the street.//如果做主语，需要用单三
3.Neither answer is correct.

• many修饰可数名词，表示“许多”

• much修饰不可数名词，表示“许多”

• a lot of(lots of),plenty of均可修饰可数和不可数名词

many books  
much water
a lot of/lots of books/water

第十七讲、不定量表达法三

• a few,为肯定含义“几个”;
• few,为否定含义“没几个 ”，
• 这两个词均可和可数名词连用

1.A few books are put into the box.//几本书放在了盒子里面
2.Few books are put into the box.//没有几本书放在了盒子里

• a little为肯定含义“一点儿"
• little为否定含义“没多点”
• 以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用

1.There is a little water in the bottle.//瓶子中有一点水
2.There is little water in the bottle.//瓶子中几乎没水

• none和no one的意思相同 ，主要做代词，翻译为“一个也不，一点也不”，用法稍有区别
• none可以接of短语，动词可用单数，也可用复数
• no one不能接of短语，动词只能用复数

1.No one knows the answer.
2.None of us have(has) arrived.

第十八讲、There be和Here be

• There be和Here be是英语中的倒装句，There be和Here be不是主语，be起连接作用，通常接名词
• There be通常翻译成“有”,Here be通常翻译成“是”，根据上下文
• there 那里
• here 这里

1.There is a book on the bookshelf.//书架上有一本书
2.There are some books on the bookshelf.
3.Here is the bus stop.//这是汽车站
4.Here are your books.//这是你的书

第十九讲、一般进行时和现在进行时

• 一般现在时

  • 一般现在时：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或动作。

  • 主语是单数第三人称时，动词有单三的变化。

  • 主语是非第三人称单数时，动词为原型。

  • 一般现在时，动词的单三变化

    • 在动词尾部直接加s，如paly------plays
    • 以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加es，如guess------guesses
    • 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加es，如study------studies

  1.They often get up at 7:00.
  2.He often gets up at 7:00.
  

  • 一般现在时否定和疑问句用do，does帮助构造

  1.He doesn't like the car.
  2.-Does he like the car?
    -Yes,he does./No,he doesn't. 
  

• 现在进行时

  • 现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。
  • 句中通常有now等时间副词呼应
  • 基本构成形式为be+doing

  1.They are watching TV.
  2.He is watching TV.
  3.I am watching TV.
  

  • 动词的现在分词的变化规则
    • 一般情况下，直接在动词后加ing，如work------working
    • 动词以不发音的e结尾，要去e加ing，如take------taking
    • 重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加ing，如cut------cutting
    • 以ie结尾的动词，变y再加ing，如lie------lying
  • 现在进行时变否定和疑问句时，将be动词否定或提前

  1.They aren't watching TV.
    Are they watching TV?
  2.He isn't watching TV.
    Is he watching TV?
  3.Am I watching TV?
    Yes,you are./No,you aren't.
  

• 重读闭音节

  • 音节(syllable)：

    • 一个音节里有一个元音，通常另外通常有一个或多个辅音
    • 划分音节的一个重要标准就是元音，可以说，一个元音就是一个音节，辅音只是起辅助作用
    • 音节可以分单音节、双音节和多音节
      • 单音节：
        • 只有一个音节，也就是只有一个元音
        • 如dog、cat、hot、cut、stop、make，都是单音节词
      • 双音节：
        • 有两个音节，也就是2个元音
        • table、kitchen、begin、design，都是双音节词
      • 多音节：
        • 有多个音节，多个元音
        • 如computer(3个音节)、participate(4个音节),都是多音节词

  • 重读音节

    • 重读的音节就叫重读音节
    • 单音节词本身就是重读的
    • 双音节和多音节由重读音标标出的需要重读
      • 双音节如：begin[bɪˈgɪn]、design[dɪˈzaɪn]、prepare [prɪˈpeə(r)]
      • 多音节如：participate [pɑ:ˈtɪsɪpeɪt]

  • 闭音节和开音节

    • 一个音节以辅音结尾就是闭音节，反之就是开音节
    • 闭音节如make[meɪk]、cut[kʌt]、kit[kɪt]、stop[stɒp]、begin[bɪˈgɪn]、design[dɪˈzaɪn]
    • 开音节如prepare [prɪˈpeə(r)]

  • 重读闭音节

    • 这个元音必须重读
    • 是闭音节，即最后只能有一个辅音
    • 音节里的元音字母发的是短元音

    

第二十讲、一般过去时和过去进行时

• 一般过去时

  • 一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的行为
  • 基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他
  • 一般动词在动词后面加ed，如play-----played
  • 还有一些不规则动词不规则变化。如come-----came
  • 动词一般去过时变化规则
    • 一般在动词后直接加ed，如play-----played
    • 在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加d，如like-----liked
    • 在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后，变y为i，加ed，如supply-----supplied
    • 在以重读闭音节结尾且结尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，加ed,如plan-----planned

  1.He worked very hard last night.
  2.They came here by car.
  

• 过去进行时

  • 过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一时间内正在进行或发生的动作。
  • 其形式为was/were doing

  1.They were waiting for you.
  He was talking with his friends just now.
  

第二十一讲、将来时

• 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时段内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow、next week、in the future
• 助动词will或shall+动词原形，表示将来发生的事情。主语为I、We第一人称的代词，用shall和will都行

1.They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.//到达上海
2.We shall leave for Shanghai next month.//离开去上海

• be going to+动词原形，用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算;就要”

1.They are going to play football this afternoon.
2.She is going to learn French next year.

• be doing 表示位置转移的动词，如go、come、leave、start、arrive，可用现在进行时表示将来时。

1.They are leaving for Japan.
2.She is arriving tomorrow.

第二十二讲、完成时

• 现在完成时(have+p.p.[past participle的缩写，过去分词]),动作过去发生，已经完成，对现在造成影响和后果，动作可能还会持续，可使用的时间状语有already、yet

1.They have already arrived in Shanghai.//Arrive at指到达小地点,in是大地点
2.She has played soccer for 3 hours.
3.She hasn't finished the homework yet.
4.She hasn't been to Sichuan yet.//她还没有去过四川

• 过去完成时(had+p.p)，表示句中的动作发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成一定的影响或后果

1.They had arrived in Shanghai.
2.She had played soccer for 3 hours.
3.They hadn't finished the work yet.
4.Had they planned to stay here?

第二十三讲、动词的用法

• 动词根据功能分为四类：
  • 实意动词 (Notional Verb):有实在意思的
  • 系动词(Link Verb)：起联系作用的动词，无实在意思
  • 助动词(Auxiliary Verb)：帮助构成句子成分的，无实在意思
  • 情态动词(model Verb)：有情态含义，通常和实义动词使用
• 动词有数量和时态的变化，时态通常有三大时态：现在、过去和将来时
• 根据动作进行的状态可分为：一般时、进行时和完成时
• 使用动词时通常将上面两个结合，如一般现在时，过去进行时

1.He goes to school every day.
2.He went to hospital last night.

第二十四讲、情态动词一

• can、could、may、might

• can/could

  • 表示能力，可用be able to代替can/could 现在/过去的能力，
  • 表示客观可能性(can的可能性大)，
  • 表示请求和允许，could比较委婉

  1.He can/could/is able to swim.
  2.He can/could come tomorrow.
  3.Can/Could I stay here?
  

• may/might

  • 表示可能性，may的可能性大
  • 请求、允许 ，might更委婉（委婉程度can<could<may<might）
  • 口语中常用的回答：
    • Yes,please.
    • No,you can't/mustn't(禁止，不准).

  1.He may/might come here by bus.
  2.-May/Might I join you?
    -Yes,please./No,you can't./No,you mustn't.
  

第二十五讲、情态动词二

• should、ought to、must、have to

• must、have to表示必须、必要

  • must表示主观多一些

  • have to表示客观多一些

  • have to有时态和数量的变化

  • must和have to二者的否定意义不太一样

    1.You mustn't go.//你不准去
    2.You don't have to go.//你不必去
    

  1.You must get up early.
  2.It's going to rain,I have to go home now.
  

• should、ought to表示劝告、建议、命令

  • should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to
  • should强调主观看法
  • ought to强调客观要求
  • 在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to

1.You should/ought to do the job right now.
2.Should they stay here now?

第二十六讲、情态动词三

• need和don't have to

• need:"需要"

  • 情态动词

    1.He need come here eraly.
    2.He needn't come here early.
    3.Need he come here early?
      Yes,he need.
      No,he needn't.
    

  • 实义动词，有第三人称单数和时态的变化，后面可加带to的不定式

    1.He needs to come here early.
    2.He doesn't need to come here early.
    3.Does he need to come here early?
      Yes,he does.
      No,he doesn't.
    

• don't have to:

  • 回答must和have to的提问时，否定式使用needn't或don't have to等

  1.Must I come here early tomorrow?
    No,you needn't.
    No,you don't have to.
  

第二十七讲、情态动词四

• had better / would rather

• had better

  • 表示“最好做某事”，had虽然是过去式，但不表征过去，better后面接动词原型

  1.He had better eat more.
  2.You'd better finish it right now.
  

• would rather

  • 表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是......为好”，语感上比"had better"要轻,后面接动词原型。

  1.You would rather deal with it now.
  

• 否定形式分别为

  • had better not +动词原型
  • would rather not +动词原型

  1.He had better not eat more.
  2.You would rather not deal with it it.
  

第二十八讲、情态动词五

• used to，would表示过去习惯性动作，可翻译为“过去常常...”
• used to可指过去的状态或情况，would则不能,would表达反复发生的动作

1.The novel used to be popular.

• would表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用would，只能用used to,used to也可以表示过去反复发生的动作

1.He would practise English every week.
2.I used to live in Beijing.

• used to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束，would则表示有可能再发生。

1.People used to believe that the earth was flat.
2.He would go to the park as soon as he was free.

• 练习

1.The window used to be open.
2.They would/used to gather together every week.//使用used to表示现在已经不再聚了
3.Sam used to paly golf,but he doesn't now.

第二十九讲、情态动词的否定和疑问

• 情态动词的否定：情态动词+not+原型

1.He can't sing an English song.
2.He may not know her.//可能不知道
3.He mustn't go there.//不准
4.He doesn't have to go there.//不必

• 情态动词提问：情态动词+主语+原型

1.-Can he sing an English song?
  -Yes,he can./No,he can't.
2.-Must he go there?
  -Yes,he must./No,he needn't./No,he doesn't(have to).
3.-Does he have to go there?
  Yes,he does./No,he doesn't(have to)./No,he needn't.

第三十讲、情态动词+have+p.p.（完成时）

• 情态动词+have+p.p.（可能已经...、一定已经...）
  • 表达过去的事实
  • 推测的含义(助动词should例外)

1.He can/could have arrived.
2.He may/might have arrived.
3.He must have arrived.

• should have p.p.:本应该...
• needn't have p.p.：本不需要...

1.He should have arrived.//没到
2.They should have finished the work.//没完成
3.You needn't have done so.//本不需要

• must have p.p.：“准是已经...”
• can't have p.p.:"不可能已经..."

1.He must have arrived.
2.He can't have arrived.

第三十一讲、被动语态的构成和含义

• 如果主语是动作的承受者，则用动词的被动语态作谓语
• 被动语态的构成
  • be+动词的过去分词 ...by sb.

1.He is taken to America by his mother.

• 被动语态的各种时态

1.The information is needed by us.
2.The book was being read by him.
3.The computer has been used by her.
4.The room will be cleared.
5.The computer could have been used by them.

第三十二讲、被动语态和情态动词的结合使用

• 被动语态可以和情态动词结合

  • can/could be 过去分词

  • need doing=need to be done表示需要被...

1.The food could be taken away.
2.The food might be taken away.
3.The food must be taken away.
4.The food should be taken away.
5.The food needs taking away.
6.The food had better be taken away.
7.Books used to be returned in two days.

第三十三讲、被动语态的by行为者可省略

• 动作的行为者不分明，或不重要，或上下文提到了行为者时，"by+行为者"可省略

1.The information is needed.
2.The book is being read.
3.The door was opened.

第三十四讲、被动语态的疑问句

• 被动语态的一般疑问句：助动词+主语+（其他助动词）+动词过去分词

1.-Is the information needed by him?
  -Yes,it is./No,it isn't.
2.-Has the computer been used by her?
  -Yes,it has./No,it hasn't.
3.-Will the room be cleaned?
  -Yes,it will./No,it won't.

• 被动语态的特殊疑问句

  • 疑问句+助动词+主语+(其它助动词)+动词过去分词

  1.-The information is needed by them.
    -What is needed by them?
  2.The girl is taken to Shanghai.
    -Where is the girl taken?
  3.The book has been read three times.
    -How many times has the book been read?
  

第三十五讲、to+动词原型和动词原型+ing

• 非谓语动词：表示动作的词组，但不做谓语，一种是to+动词原型，一种是动词+ing的形式
• 动词不定式：由to+动词原形构成。可以做主语，宾语，宾补，定语，表语和状语

主语：
1.To get there by bike will take us an hour.
宾语：
2.The driver failed to see the car in time.
宾补：
3.We believe him to be guilty.
定语：
4.The next train to arrive is from Seoul.//来自于首尔，to arrive修饰主语
表语(表语是说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的)：
5.My suggestion is to put off the meeting.
状语(是谓语里的另一个附加成分。从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心词进行修饰、限制)：
6.I come here only to say goodbye to you.//做目的状语

• 动名词：动词原形+ing，具有动词的特性和变化形式，但在句子中的用法及功能类同名词：在句子中可以作主语、表语、定语，也可以被副词修饰或支配宾语。

主语：
1.Reading is an art.
宾语：
2.They went on walking and never stopped talking.
表语：
3.Your task is quickly cleaning the windows.
定语：
4.This is a reading room.

第三十六讲、非谓语动词的假主语和真主语

• to不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上，但一般用it代替它作形式主语，这种情况叫形式主语

1.It's a great honor to be invited.
2.It is no use crying over spilt milk.//cry over为...悲痛，整体意思为覆水难收

• 在宾语的位置上，用it代替它作形式宾语，这种情况叫形式宾语

1.We think it important to learn English.
2.I found it pleasant walking in the park.

• 对动名词或不定式进行否定时，在不定式或动名词前加not否定就可以了

1.He pretended not to see her.
2.He regrets not joining them.

第三十七讲、动词不定式表目的

• in order to +v 表目的，in order to引导目的状语，置于句首或句尾均可
• so as to +v 表目的，翻译为这样的目的是...，由so as to引导的目的状语，只能置于句尾

1.I've written it down in order to remember it.
2.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

• 上面两种形式的否定分别在to前面加not

1.I've written it down in order not to forget it.
2.He said nothing so as not to be noticed.

第三十八讲、常见的不定式和动名词句型

• too ...(形容词或副词)to...：太...以至于不能...

1.The room is too small to live.

• enough to:足够...可以...
  • enough （做形容词）+ n + to + v
  • adj + enough（做副词） + to +v

1.There is enough food to eat.
2.The box is big enough to contain six apples.

• on+动名词：一...就...

1.On seeing the snake,the girl was very frightened.//On seeing the snake做状语（状语（adverbial，简称adv.）是句子的一个重要修饰成分，是谓语里的另一个附加成分。从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心词进行修饰、限制。）

• There is no hope of + 动名词：没希望...

1.There is no hope of seeing him.

• feel like +动名词：想要...

1.I feel like eating ice cream now.

• have a hard time +动名词：做...很艰难

1.They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.

第三十九讲、非谓语动词之现在分词、过去分词、分词句

• v+ing可称之为动名词，也可称之为现在分词

1.Writing books is his job.//动名词，分词不能做主语
2.He is writing a book.//be动词与现在分词构成进行时

• 动词的p.p.形式可称之为动词的过去分词，用在完成时和被动语态中。

1.He has written the homework.
2.The homework is written.

• 分词句是包含现在分词或过去分词的分句

1.The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking.//现在分词做伴状语
2.Accompanied by his friend,he went to the railway station.//也可以看成伴随状语 

• 要注意区分现在分词和动名词，如like doing为动名词，而不是分词。

He likes drinking coffee.//drinking coffee是动名词做宾语(将动作变成名词)，而不是分词

第四十讲、使役动词（原形不定式）

• 使役动词，表示“使/让...”,如have、make、let做使役动词，构成形式为have/make/let+宾语+v的形式

1.He made me laugh.
2.I let him go.
3.Please have him come here.//请让他来这里。have有让的意思

• get和help都做使役动词，get的使役动词句为“get+宾语+to+v”,help的使役动词句为help+宾语+(to)+v

1.I can't get anyone to do the work properly.//properly正确地，适当地
2.I helped him (to) repair the car.

• 上面的5个使役动词+宾语+过去分词，表示“让某物/人被别人...”

1.I must get my hair cut.//我必须把我的头发让别人剪了。
2.He couldn't make himself heard.//他不能让他自己被别人听到。
3.Can you get the work finished in time?//你能让这个工作及时地被别人完成么？

第四十一讲、感官动词

• 感官动词see、watch、observe(观察、监视)、notice、hear、semll(闻)、taste、feel+宾语+动词原形/现在分词

  • +动词原形，表示动作的真实性
  • +现在分词，表示动作的连续性，进行性

  1.I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
  2.I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
  

  • 感官动词后可接过去分词：感官动词+宾语+过去分词，表被动含义

  1.John saw the man knocked down(撞倒) by the car.
  

第四十二讲、假设一，只表示单纯的假设

• 条件状语从句。用if引导条件状语从句，从句为现在时，通常译为“如果...”

1.If you get up early,you will catch up with the train.//从句为一般现在时，主句为一般将来时，主句可用will或shall+动词原形，shall一般对I、We而言

• if引导的条件状语从句，可以放在句首，也可放在句尾

1.If you ask him,he will help you.
2.She will be upset if you fail the exam.

第四十三讲、假设2-与现在事实相反的虚拟语气

• if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，和现在事实相反。主从句时态具体如下：
  • 从句：动词过去式(be用were)
  • 主句：would、could、should、might+动词原型

1.If I were you,I would join them.
2.She would come with you if you invited her.

第四十四讲、假设三，与过去事实相反的虚拟语气.md

• if从句是一种虚拟条件或假设，和过去事实相反
  • 从句： had+动词过去分词
  • 主句：would/could/should/might+have+动词过去分词

1.If I had got there earlier,I should have met her.
2.If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.

第四十五讲、假设四，wish、as if+过去、过去完成时

• wish后面的从句，译为“希望...就好了”，是不可能实现的假设

  • 与现在事实相反的愿望

  1.I wish I were as tall as you.//一般过去时
  

  • 与过去事实相反愿望

  1.He wished he hadn't said that.//过去完成时
  

  • 将来不大可能实现的愿望

  1.I wish it would rain tomorrow.//would、should、could
  

• as if，译为“看起来好像...”

  • 如果从句表示与现在事实相反

  1.You look as if you didn't care.
  

  • 从句表示与过去事实相反

  1.He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
  

  • 从句表示与将来事实相反

  1.He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
  

  第四十六讲、定语从句的关系代词that、who、which、whom、whose

• 定语从句：在句子中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词叫先行词，其后的从句就是定语从句，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出

• 关系代词：在从句中做一定的成分，代替先行词，起到连接先行词和从句的作用，常用关系代词：that、who、which、whom、whose

1.The girl (whom/who/taht) I spoke to is my cousin.

• 先行词是人的话用that、who、whom、whose来引导定语从句

  • whom在句中作宾语

  • who和that在从句中既可作主语，也可作宾语

  • 作宾语时可省略

1.They are the people that/who were seen yesterday.
2.They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday.
3.They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.

• 先行词是动物/事物的话，用which、that、whose来引导定语从句
  • which、that在从句中可作主语和宾语，作宾语时可省略

1.He came back for the book (which/that) he had forgotten.//作宾语时可省略
2.He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.
3.This is the chair whose legs were broken.

第四十七讲、定语从句的关系副词when、where、why

• 替换状语

• why用于修饰表示原因的名词，如the reason

1.We don't know the reason why he didn't show up.//show up出席、出现

• when用于修饰表示时间的名词，如next week

1.We'll put off the picnic until next week,when the weather may be better.

• where用于修饰表示地点的名词，如the place

1.We don't know the place where he lives.

第四十八讲、宾语从句 连词

• 宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句

  • 从属连词：that、if、whether
  • 连接代词：who、whom、whose、what
  • 连接副词：when、where、why、now

  1.He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.
  

• 从属连词：that、if、whether

1.He said that he was there yesterday.//that不翻译，可省略
2.He doesn't know if/whether he was there.//if和whether翻译为是否，不可省略

• 连接代词：who、whom、whose、what

1.Do you know who has won the game?
2.Do you know whom he likes?
3.Do you know whose book it is?
4.Do you know what he is looking for?

• 连接副词：when、where、why、how

1.He wants to know when the party is.
2.He wants to know where the party is.
3.He wants to know why they have a party.
4.He wants to know how they come.

第四十九讲、比较级和最高级

• 通常在形容词和副词后面加"er" "est",如hard-harder-the hardest
• 词尾不发音的单音节e时，加"r" "st",如nice-nicer-the nicest
• 词尾是辅音+y的双音节时，去y加"er" "est",如dry-drier-the driest
• 以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时，双写最后一个字母，加"er" "est",如hot-hotter-hottest
• 多音节和双音节，在形容词和副词前加
  • 程度加强："more" "the most"
  • 程度减弱："less" "the least"
  • 如interesting
    • more/less interesting
    • the most/least interesting
• 不规则变化：
  • good-better-the best
  • many-more-the most
  • little-less-the least

第五十讲、比较级和最高级2

• 形容词或副词的比较级，表示"比较..."

1.He is taller than his brother.
2.The book is more expensive than the pen.
3.Her English is better than his.

• 形容词的最高级，表示"最..."

1.He is the tallest in his class.
2.The book is the most expensive of the three.
3.Her English is the best among the three.