实验6:开源控制器实践——RYU
实验6:开源控制器实践——RYU
一、实验目的
1.能够独立部署RYU控制器
2.能够理解RYU控制器实现软件定义的集线器原理
3.能够理解RYU控制器实现软件定义的交换机原理
二、实验环境
Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop amd64
三、实验要求
(一)基本要求
1.搭建下图所示SDN拓扑,协议使用Open Flow 1.0,并连接Ryu控制器。
2.建立拓扑并连接RYU控制器
3.通过Ryu的图形界面查看网络拓扑。
启动ryu控制器后,在浏览器中输入地址http://127.0.0.1:8080即可打开ryu的图形界面
4.阅读Ryu文档的The First Application一节,运行并使用 tcpdump 验证L2Switch,分析和POX的Hub模块有何不同。
L2Switch代码
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_0
class L2Switch(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(L2Switch, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def packet_in_handler(self, ev):
msg = ev.msg
dp = msg.datapath
ofp = dp.ofproto
ofp_parser = dp.ofproto_parser
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofp.OFPP_FLOOD)]
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofp.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(
datapath=dp, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=msg.in_port,
actions=actions, data = data)
dp.send_msg(out)
(1)运行并使用 tcpdump 验证L2Switch
- h1 ping h2
- h1 ping h3
- 连接ryu控制器,启动L2Switch模块后查看下发流表
(2)分析和POX的Hub模块有何不同
Hub和L2Switch模块都是洪泛转发,但L2Switch模块下发的流表无法查看,而Hub模块下发的流表可以查看
5.编程修改L2Switch.py,另存为L2xxxxxxxxx.py,使之和POX的Hub模块的变得一致?
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER, CONFIG_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
class hub(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(hub, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_feathers_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow table-miss flow entry
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER, ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
# 1\OUTPUT PORT, 2\BUFF IN SWITCH?
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions):
# 1\ datapath for the switch, 2\priority for flow entry, 3\match field, 4\action for packet
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow
inst = [ofp_parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS, actions)]
mod = ofp_parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority, match=match, instructions=inst)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def packet_in_handler(self, ev):
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port'] # get in port of the packet
# add a flow entry for the packet
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
# to output the current packet. for install rules only output later packets
out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=in_port, actions=actions)
# buffer id: locate the buffered packet
datapath.send_msg(out)
结果如下(流表):
记录来源去向,加入添加传输的动作进流表,使得流表建立
(二)进阶要求
1.阅读Ryu关于simple_switch.py和simple_switch_1x.py的实现,以simple_switch_13.py为例,完成其代码的注释工作,并回答下列问题:
# Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# 引入数据包
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.lib.packet import packet
from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet
from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types
class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp):
# 定义openflow版本
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mac_to_port = {} # 定义保存mac地址到端口的一个映射
# 处理SwitchFeatures事件
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_features_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install table-miss flow entry
#
# We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to
# OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,
# 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and
# truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets
# correctly. The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.
match = parser.OFPMatch() # match指流表项匹配,OFPMatch()指不匹配任何信息
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
# add_flow()增加流表项
# datapath:指定的 Switch
# priority:此规则的优先权
# match:此规则的 Match 条件
# actions:动作
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=None):
# 获取交换机信息
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# 对action进行包装
inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
actions)]
# 判断是否存在buffer_id,并生成mod对象
if buffer_id:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
priority=priority, match=match,
instructions=inst)
else:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
match=match, instructions=inst)
# 发送出去
datapath.send_msg(mod)
# 处理PacketIn事件
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def _packet_in_handler(self, ev):
# If you hit this you might want to increase
# the "miss_send_length" of your switch
if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len:
self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",
ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)
# 解析数据结构
msg = ev.msg # ev.msg 是代表packet_in data structure对象
datapath = msg.datapath
# dp. ofproto 和 dp.ofproto_parser 是代表 Ryu 和交换机谈判的 OpenFlow 协议的对象
# dp.ofproto and dp.ofproto_parser are objects that represent the OpenFlow protocol that Ryu and the switch negotiated
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port'] # 获取源端口
pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[0]
if eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
# 忽略LLDP类型的数据包
# ignore lldp packet
return
dst = eth.dst # 获取目的端口
src = eth.src # 获取源端口
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port)
# 学习包的源地址,和交换机上的入端口绑定
# learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.
self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port
# 查看是否已经学习过该目的mac地址
if dst in self.mac_to_port[dpid]: # 如果目的地址存在于mac_to_port中
out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
# 否则,洪泛
else:
out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD # OFPP_FLOOD标志表示应在所有端口发送数据包,即洪泛
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]
# 下发流表避免下次触发 packet in 事件
# install a flow to avoid packet_in next time
if out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
# verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both
# flow_mod & packet_out
if msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
return
else:
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
# 发送Packet_out数据包
out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
# 发送流表
datapath.send_msg(out)
a) 代码当中的mac_to_port的作用是什么?
- mac_to_port的作用是保存mac地址到交换机端口的映射
b) simple_switch和simple_switch_13在dpid的输出上有何不同?
- 在simple_switch_13.py中为
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
- 在simple_switch.py中为
dpid = datapath.id
- 在simple_switch_13.py中使用了zfill() 方法返回指定长度为16的字符串,原字符串右对齐,前面填充0;而simple_switch.py直接输出dpid
c) 相比simple_switch,simple_switch_13增加的switch_feature_handler实现了什么功能?
- 增加了实现交换机以特性应答消息响应特性请求功能
d) simple_switch_13是如何实现流规则下发的?
- 在触发PacketIn事件后,首先解析相关数据结构,获取协议信息、获取源端口、包学习,交换机信息,以太网信息,等。如果以太网类型是LLDP类型,则忽略。如果不是LLDP类型,则获取目的端口和源端口还有交换机id,然后进行交换机自学习,先学习源地址对应的交换机的入端口,再查看是否已经学习目的mac地址,如果没有就洪泛转发。如果学习过,则查看是否有buffer_id,如果有则在添加流时加上buffer_id,向交换机发送数据包和流表。
e) switch_features_handler和_packet_in_handler两个事件在发送流规则的优先级上有何不同?
- switch_features_handler下发流表的优先级比_packet_in_handler高
2.编程实现和ODL实验的一样的硬超时功能。(自动)
# Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.lib.packet import packet
from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet
from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types
class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mac_to_port = {}
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_features_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install table-miss flow entry
#
# We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to
# OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,
# 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and
# truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets
# correctly. The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.
match = parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=None, hard_timeout=0):
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
actions)]
if buffer_id:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
priority=priority, match=match,
instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
else:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
match=match, instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def _packet_in_handler(self, ev):
# If you hit this you might want to increase
# the "miss_send_length" of your switch
if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len:
self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",
ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port']
pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[0]
if eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
# ignore lldp packet
return
dst = eth.dst
src = eth.src
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port)
# learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.
self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port
if dst in self.mac_to_port[dpid]:
out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
else:
out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]\
actions_timeout=[]
# install a flow to avoid packet_in next time
if out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
# verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both
# flow_mod & packet_out
hard_timeout=10
if msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match,actions_timeout, msg.buffer_id,hard_timeout=10)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
return
else:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match, actions_timeout, hard_timeout=10)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
datapath.send_msg(out)
四.个人总结
- 遇到的问题:本次实验主要是ryu的命令操作弄不明白,远程端口(网络页面端口8080)和远程控制器设置为一样的,导致端口检测错误,无法在图形界面显示控制器,后面通过交远程控制器的端口号修改成6633,实验得以进行。
- 遇到的问题:在执行L2Switch.py的程序时,不能通过查看流表查询到空表而是出现有信息的流表。经查阅分析,此次的流表是因为上一次实验所构建的拓扑残留下的流表,使用命令
dpctl del-flows
删除流表,再重新操作后才实现。 - 个人感想:通过ryu的实验,我了解到与POX不同的控制网络的方式,了解了RYU控制器的工作原理,并比较了RYU的L2Switch模块与POX的Hub模块的异同。但是通过一定的查阅资料并编写程序,基本掌握RYU程序的编写方法,并使用RYU做到与POX相同的功能。另外还可以发现RYU相对于POX更加方便简洁。