ThinkPHP 数据库操作之数据表模型和基础模型 ( Model )
一、定义数据表模型
1.模型映射
要测试数据库是否正常连接，最直接的办法就是在当前控制器中实例化数据表，然后使用 dump 函数输出，查看数据库的链接状态。代码：
public function testdb(){
$obj=M("User");
dump($obj);
}
此时浏览器输出：
object(Model)#5 (20) {
["_extModel:private"] => NULL
["db:protected"] => object(DbMysql)#7 (18) {
["dbType:protected"] => string(5) "MYSQL"
["autoFree:protected"] => bool(false)
["model:protected"] => string(7) "_think_"
["pconnect:protected"] => bool(false)
["queryStr:protected"] => string(28) "SHOW COLUMNS FROM `tpk_user`"
["modelSql:protected"] => array(1) {
["user"] => string(28) "SHOW COLUMNS FROM `tpk_user`"
}
["lastInsID:protected"] => NULL
["numRows:protected"] => int(2)
["numCols:protected"] => int(0)
["transTimes:protected"] => int(0)
["error:protected"] => string(0) ""
["linkID:protected"] => array(1) {
[0] => resource(27) of type (mysql link)
}
["_linkID:protected"] => resource(27) of type (mysql link)
["queryID:protected"] => resource(28) of type (mysql result)
["connected:protected"] => bool(true)
["comparison:protected"] => array(10) {
["eq"] => string(1) "="
["neq"] => string(2) "<>"
["gt"] => string(1) ">"
["egt"] => string(2) ">="
["lt"] => string(1) "<"
["elt"] => string(2) "<="
["notlike"] => string(8) "NOT LIKE"
["like"] => string(4) "LIKE"
["in"] => string(2) "IN"
["notin"] => string(6) "NOT IN"
}
["selectSql:protected"] => string(96) "SELECT%DISTINCT% %FIELD% FROM %TABLE%%JOIN%%WHERE%%GROUP%%HAVING%%ORDER%%LIMIT% %UNION%%COMMENT%"
["bind:protected"] => array(0) {
}
}
["pk:protected"] => string(2) "id"
["tablePrefix:protected"] => string(4) "tpk_"
["name:protected"] => string(4) "user"
["dbName:protected"] => string(0) ""
["connection:protected"] => string(0) ""
["tableName:protected"] => string(0) ""
["trueTableName:protected"] => string(8) "tpk_user"
["error:protected"] => string(0) ""
["fields:protected"] => array(5) {
[0] => string(2) "id"
[1] => string(8) "username"
["_autoinc"] => bool(true)
["_pk"] => string(2) "id"
["_type"] => array(2) {
["id"] => string(7) "int(11)"
["username"] => string(11) "varchar(20)"
}
}
["data:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["options:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_validate:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_auto:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_map:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_scope:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["autoCheckFields:protected"] => bool(true)
["patchValidate:protected"] => bool(false)
["methods:protected"] => array(13) {
[0] => string(5) "table"
[1] => string(5) "order"
[2] => string(5) "alias"
[3] => string(6) "having"
[4] => string(5) "group"
[5] => string(4) "lock"
[6] => string(8) "distinct"
[7] => string(4) "auto"
[8] => string(6) "filter"
[9] => string(8) "validate"
[10] => string(6) "result"
[11] => string(4) "bind"
[12] => string(5) "token"
}
}
http://127.0.0.26/index.php/index/testdb
object(Model)#5 (20) {
["_extModel:private"] => NULL
["db:protected"] => object(DbMysql)#7 (18) {
["dbType:protected"] => string(5) "MYSQL"
["autoFree:protected"] => bool(false)
["model:protected"] => string(7) "_think_"
["pconnect:protected"] => bool(false)
["queryStr:protected"] => string(28) "SHOW COLUMNS FROM `tpk_user`"
["modelSql:protected"] => array(1) {
["user"] => string(28) "SHOW COLUMNS FROM `tpk_user`"
}
["lastInsID:protected"] => NULL
["numRows:protected"] => int(2)
["numCols:protected"] => int(0)
["transTimes:protected"] => int(0)
["error:protected"] => string(0) ""
["linkID:protected"] => array(1) {
[0] => resource(27) of type (mysql link)
}
["_linkID:protected"] => resource(27) of type (mysql link)
["queryID:protected"] => resource(28) of type (mysql result)
["connected:protected"] => bool(true)
["comparison:protected"] => array(10) {
["eq"] => string(1) "="
["neq"] => string(2) "<>"
["gt"] => string(1) ">"
["egt"] => string(2) ">="
["lt"] => string(1) "<"
["elt"] => string(2) "<="
["notlike"] => string(8) "NOT LIKE"
["like"] => string(4) "LIKE"
["in"] => string(2) "IN"
["notin"] => string(6) "NOT IN"
}
["selectSql:protected"] => string(96) "SELECT%DISTINCT% %FIELD% FROM %TABLE%%JOIN%%WHERE%%GROUP%%HAVING%%ORDER%%LIMIT% %UNION%%COMMENT%"
["bind:protected"] => array(0) {
}
}
["pk:protected"] => string(2) "id"
["tablePrefix:protected"] => string(4) "tpk_"
["name:protected"] => string(4) "user"
["dbName:protected"] => string(0) ""
["connection:protected"] => string(0) ""
["tableName:protected"] => string(0) ""
["trueTableName:protected"] => string(8) "tpk_user"
["error:protected"] => string(0) ""
["fields:protected"] => array(5) {
[0] => string(2) "id"
[1] => string(8) "username"
["_autoinc"] => bool(true)
["_pk"] => string(2) "id"
["_type"] => array(2) {
["id"] => string(7) "int(11)"
["username"] => string(11) "varchar(20)"
}
}
["data:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["options:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_validate:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_auto:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_map:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["_scope:protected"] => array(0) {
}
["autoCheckFields:protected"] => bool(true)
["patchValidate:protected"] => bool(false)
["methods:protected"] => array(13) {
[0] => string(5) "table"
[1] => string(5) "order"
[2] => string(5) "alias"
[3] => string(6) "having"
[4] => string(5) "group"
[5] => string(4) "lock"
[6] => string(8) "distinct"
[7] => string(4) "auto"
[8] => string(6) "filter"
[9] => string(8) "validate"
[10] => string(6) "result"
[11] => string(4) "bind"
[12] => string(5) "token"
}
}
如果没有提示错误即为成功。
M("User") 就是模型映射，M 函数等于 new Model() ，Model 类是模型的基类，也是数据库操作的基类， "User" 是该类的一个成员属性，表示模型名称，模型名称与数据库中的数据表进行映射。注意：User "U" 要大写，数据库中此时应该存在一张 user 表，系统会根据配置文件中的设置给 user 表添加前缀，例如 tpk_user。如果不需要为表添加前缀，将模型名称首字母改为小写，例如 M("user")。
2.自定义模型
D 函数用于快速实例化自定义模型，可以进行复杂的数据库操作，比如数据检验、数据缓存、数据加工等。自定义模型存放在 Lib/Model 目录下，例如为数据表 tpk_article 数据表建立模型映射，则需要创建 ArticleModel.class.php，然后使用 D 函数进行实例化，ArticleModel 模型将与 tpk_article 表进行映射。
例：使用 select() 输出 tpk_article 表的数据 ( select() 方法用于列出所有符合条件的数据 ) ：
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function article(){
$obj=D("Article");
$rows=$obj->select();
dump($rows);
}
}
浏览器输出：
array(6) {
[0] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "1"
["title"] => string(4) "test"
["content"] => string(12) "test_content"
["category"] => string(13) "test_category"
["area"] => string(6) "北京"
["add_user"] => string(5) "admin"
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-20 23:03:44"
}
[1] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "2"
["title"] => string(12) "吼吼吼吼"
["content"] => string(18) "任溶溶柔然人"
["category"] => string(14) "test_category2"
["area"] => string(6) "河北"
["add_user"] => string(5) "admin"
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-22 15:16:12"
}
[2] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "4"
["title"] => string(7) "test2_m"
["content"] => string(4) "haha"
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "福建"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-22 11:44:26"
}
[3] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "5"
["title"] => string(2) "22"
["content"] => NULL
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "福建"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-22 12:40:58"
}
[4] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "6"
["title"] => string(1) "1"
["content"] => string(1) "2"
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "福建"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => NULL
}
[5] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "7"
["title"] => string(6) "lalala"
["content"] => string(6) "hohoho"
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "北京"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => NULL
}
}
http://127.0.0.26/index.php/index/article
array(6) {
[0] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "1"
["title"] => string(4) "test"
["content"] => string(12) "test_content"
["category"] => string(13) "test_category"
["area"] => string(6) "北京"
["add_user"] => string(5) "admin"
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-20 23:03:44"
}
[1] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "2"
["title"] => string(12) "吼吼吼吼"
["content"] => string(18) "任溶溶柔然人"
["category"] => string(14) "test_category2"
["area"] => string(6) "河北"
["add_user"] => string(5) "admin"
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-22 15:16:12"
}
[2] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "4"
["title"] => string(7) "test2_m"
["content"] => string(4) "haha"
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "福建"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-22 11:44:26"
}
[3] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "5"
["title"] => string(2) "22"
["content"] => NULL
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "福建"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => string(19) "2014-11-22 12:40:58"
}
[4] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "6"
["title"] => string(1) "1"
["content"] => string(1) "2"
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "福建"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => NULL
}
[5] => array(7) {
["id"] => string(1) "7"
["title"] => string(6) "lalala"
["content"] => string(6) "hohoho"
["category"] => string(0) ""
["area"] => string(6) "北京"
["add_user"] => NULL
["add_time"] => NULL
}
}
例2：让 tpk_article 表的内容根据客户所在的地区显示当地的新闻：
ArticleModel.class.php:
<?php
class ArticleModel extends Model{
public function article(){
$rows=$this->where("area='{$this->checkUserArea()}'")->select();
return $rows;
}
protected function checkUserArea(){
return "北京";
}
控制器代码：
IndexAction.class.php:
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
$obj=D("Article");
$rows=$obj->article();
$this->assign("list",$rows);
$this->display();
同时视图代码：
TPL/Index/article.html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<volist name="list" id="vo">
<li><{$vo.title}> - <{$vo.area}> - <{$vo.content}></li>
</volist>
</body>
</html>
附：数据表 tpk_article 的表结构为：
总结：自定义模型映射，一个模型对应一个数据表，所有增删改查都在模型类中完成。M 实例化的参数是数据库的表名，D 实例化的是自己在 model 文件夹下建立的模型文件。
3.create 方法
TP 对数据的插入和更新都做了高度封装：提供了 create() 方法用于创建数据对象。
概念：数据对象 —— 数据字段与数据表之间的关系，数据会被映射为类成员，再与数据表映射，最后实现数据的插入或更新。
create() 方法是连贯操作、CURD 操作的集合 ( 包括数据创建、数据检验、表单验证、自动完成等 )。
cerate() 的数据源由 POST 表单提供，比如表单中有 username 表单元素，则该元素会被自动映射为数据表中的 username 字段。数据对象创建成功以后，对象被存放于内存中。
例：添加数据
控制器：IndexAction，动作：add_article，代码：
IndexAction.class.php:
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
Public function add_article(){
$this->display();
}
｝
视图: Tpl/Index/add_article.html：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="__URL__/add">
<input type="text" name="title" placeholder="标题"><br><br>
<textarea name="content" id="content" placeholder="内容"></textarea><br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
__URL__/add 表示当前控制器的 add 动作。
add 动作代码：
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function add(){
//表单处理
$articleObj = M('Article');
$articleObj->create();
$articleObj->add_time = date("Y-m-d H:i:s",time());
if($articleObj->add()){
$this->success("数据添加成功");
}else{
$this->error("数据添加失败");
}
}
例子结束。
4.模型属性( Model )
_map 属性：字段映射
为了避免前台表单元素与数据库字段名相同而使数据库字段暴露，可以修改前台表单元素的 name，同时在 Model 中使用 _map 属性。代码：
视图：Tpl/Index/add_article.html：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="__URL__/add">
<input type="text" name="subject" placeholder="标题"><br><br>
<textarea name="textEdit" id="content" placeholder="内容"></textarea><br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
模型：ArticleModel.class.php:
<?php
class ArticleModel extends Model{
//使用_map属性(字段映射)将表单元素映射为相应表字段
protected $_map = array(
"subject"=>"title",
"textEdit"=>"content"
);
}
控制器：IndexAction.class.php:
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
$articleObj = D("Article");
$articleObj->create();
$articleObj->add_time = date("Y-m-d H:i:s",time());
if($articleObj->add()){
$this->success("数据添加成功");
}else{
$this->error("数据添加失败");
}
}
例子结束。
二、基础模型
1.连贯操作
连贯方法除了 select() 方法外，其他的连贯方法不区分前后顺序。
例：
$rows=$obj->where("add_user='dee'")->order("add_time desc")->limit(10)->select();
2.CURD
① 创建数据 add()
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function post(){
$articleObj = D("Article");
$data['title'] = $_POST['subject'];
$data['content'] = $_POST['textEdit'];
$data['add_time'] = date("Y-m-d H:i:s",time());
if($articleObj->add($data)){
$this->success("数据添加成功");
}else{
$this->error("数据添加失败");
}
}
}
另一个例子：
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function post(){
$articleObj = D("Article");
$data['title'] = $_POST['subject'];
$data['content'] = $_POST['textEdit'];
$data['add_time'] = date("Y-m-d H:i:s",time());
if($articleObj->data($data)->add()){
$this->success("数据添加成功");
}else{
$this->error("数据添加失败");
}
}
}
② 更新数据 save()
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function post2(){
$articleObj = M("Article");
$data['id'] = 2;
$data['title'] = $_POST['subject'];
$data['content'] = $_POST['textEdit'];
$data['area'] = '河北';
$data['add_time'] = date("Y-m-d H:i:s",time());
if($articleObj->save($data)){
$this->success("数据修改成功");
}else{
$this->error("数据修改失败");
}
}
}
③ 读取数据 select 和 getFiled
getField 例子：
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function post3(){
$articleObj = M("Article");
if($articleObj->where("id=3")->setField("content","{$_POST['subject']}")){
$this->success("数据修改成功");
}else{
$this->error("数据修改失败");
}
}
｝
④ 删除数据 delete
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function delete(){
$articleObj = M("Article");
if($articleObj->where("id=".$_GET['id'])->delete()){
$this->success("数据删除成功");
}else{
$this->error("数据删除失败");
}
}
｝
3.查询语言
例子：
<?php
class IndexAction extends Action {
public function archives(){
$obj = M("Archives");
// $data['writer'] = array("eq","网络营销中心");
// $data['title'] = array("like","精诚%");
$data['id'] = array("lt","100");
$rows=$obj->where($data)->select();
$count=$obj->where($data)->count();
$tb=C("DB_PREFIX");
$this->assign("list",$rows);
$this->assign("count",$count);
$this->assign("tb",$tb);
$this->display("Article");
}
public function archives2(){
$obj = M("Archives");
$data['id'] = array(array("lt","1034"),array("GT","1029"),"and");
$rows=$obj->where($data)->select();
$this->assign("list",$rows);
$this->display("Article");
}
｝
可以在控制器中使用 echo $obj->getLastSql(); 查看转换后的 SQL 语句。
参考资料：《PHP MVC 开发实战》
