Oracle 常用的十大 DDL 对象
table:(表)
创建表
create table test3 (tid number,tname varchar2(20),hiredate date default sysdate); create table emp20 as select * from emp where deptno=20; create table empinfo as select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.sal*12 annsal,d.dname from emp e, dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno
修改表
alter table test3 add photo blob; alter table test3 modify tname varchar2(40); alter table test3 drop column photo; alter table test3 rename column tname to username; rename test3 to test5;
删除表
drop table test5;(没有正真的删除,只是放入了oracle的回收站中)
show recyclebin(查看回收站)
purge recyclebin;(清空回收站)
(管理员没有回收站)
flashback table TESTSAVEPOINT to before drop;(闪回回收站中的表)
drop table TESTSAVEPOINT purge;
表/列约束:
check : 检查约束 gender varchar2(2) check (gender in ('男','女')), create table student ( sid number constraint student_pk primary key, //主键(索引) sname varchar2(20) constraint student_name_notnull not null, //非空 gender varchar2(2) constraint student_gender check (gender in ('男','女')), //检查 email varchar2(40) constraint student_email_unique unique //唯一 constraint student_email_notnull not null, //非空 deptno number constraint student_fk references dept(deptno) on delete set null //外键(级联置空) ); (on delete cascade :级联删除)
view(视图) 虚表
创建视图(要有视图权限):
create view empinfoview as select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.sal*12 annsal,d.dname from emp e, dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno; //可以进行DML操作,但是不建议该操作. create or replace view empinfoview as select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,e.sal*12 annsal,d.dname from emp e, dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno with read only; //屏蔽了 DML操作.
删除视图:
drop view empinfoview;
sequence(序列) :维护表的主键,但是回滚等操作可能会出现裂缝.
创建序列:
create sequence myseq; //创建序列 select myseq.nextval from dual; //下移指针,返回序列值 select myseq.currval from dual; //返回当前指针序列值. create table testseq (tid number,tname varchar2(20)); insert into testseq values(myseq.nextval,'aaa'); //使用序列维护主键(类似自动增长列).
删除序列
drop sequence myseq;
index(索引) :类似目录,增加查询效率
自动创建:
当定义了 PRIMARY KEY 和 UNIQUE 之后,自动在相应的列上创建唯一性索引.
创建索引:
create index myindex on emp(deptno); //B树索引 create bitmap index myindex on emp(deptno); //位图索引索引(适合查询)
删除索引:
drop index myindex;
synonym(同义词) :表的别名 (为了安全)
创建同义词:
create synonym myemp for emp; //私有同义词 create public synonym myemp for emp; //公有同义词
procedure(存储过程)
创建存储过程
(不带参数的)
create or replace procedure sayHelloWorld //不带参数 as --说明部分 begin dbms_output.put_line('Hello World'); end; /
(带参数)
--给指定的员工涨100,(带参数) create or replace procedure raisesalary(eno in number) //带一个输入参数参数的 as --定义变量保存涨前的薪水 psal emp.sal%type; begin --得到涨前的薪水 select sal into psal from emp where empno=eno; --涨100 update emp set sal=sal+100 where empno=eno; --要不要commit(不要,调用者提交回滚) dbms_output.put_line('涨前:'||psal||' 涨后:'||(psal+100)); end; /
//带有out参数的存储过程(可以有返回值(OUT))
create or replace procedure queryempinfo(eno in number, pename out varchar2, psal out number, pjob out varchar2) as begin select ename,sal,empjob into pename,psal,pjob from emp where empno=eno; end; /
调用存储过程(sql中):
1. exec sayHelloWorld(); 2. begin sayHelloWorld(); sayHelloWorld(); end; /
function(存储函数)
创建一个存储函数
create or replace function queryempincome(eno in number) return number as --定义变量保存月薪和奖金 psal emp.sal%type; pcomm emp.comm%type; begin select sal,comm into psal,pcomm from emp where empno=eno; --返回年收入 return psal*12+nvl(pcomm,0); end; /
//原则,只有一个返回值使用存储函数,否则使用存储过程.
package(程序包)
包头
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE MYPAKCAGE AS type empcursor is ref cursor; procedure queryEmpList(dno in number, empList out empcursor); END MYPAKCAGE;
包体
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY MYPAKCAGE AS procedure queryEmpList(dno in number, empList out empcursor) AS BEGIN open empList for select * from emp where deptno=dno; END queryEmpList; END MYPAKCAGE;
trigger(触发器): 类似对insert,update,delete的监听器
创建触发器:
语句级触发器(每条语句操作一次,无论改变多少行)
create trigger abcd after/before insert/delete/update[of 列名] on emp declare begin dbms_output.put_line('成功操作了表格'); end; /
/*
触发器应用一:实施复杂的安全性检查
禁止在非工作时间插入新员工
周末:to_char(sysdate,'day') in ('星期六','星期日')
上班前 下班后:to_number(to_char(sysdate,'hh24')) not between 9 and 17
*/
create or replace trigger securityemp before insert on emp begin if to_char(sysdate,'day') in ('星期六','星期日','星期三') or to_number(to_char(sysdate,'hh24')) not between 9 and 17 then --禁止insert raise_application_error(-20001,'禁止在非工作时间插入新员工'); end if; end; /
行级触发器(每改变一行操作一次)
create or replace trigger checksalary before update on emp for each row //有此行就是行级触发器 begin --if 涨后的薪水 < 涨前的薪水 then if :new.sal < :old.sal then raise_application_error(-20002,'涨后的工资不能少于涨前的工资。 涨前:'||:old.sal||' 涨后:'||:new.sal); end if; end; /