java多线程基本概述（十一）——ReadWriteLock

public interface ReadWriteLock
A ReadWriteLock maintains a pair of associated locks, one for read-only operations and one for writing. The read lock may be held simultaneously by multiple reader threads, so long as there are no writers. The write lock is exclusive.
All ReadWriteLock implementations must guarantee that the memory synchronization effects of writeLock operations (as specified in the Lock interface) also hold with respect to the associated readLock. That is, a thread successfully acquiring the read lock will see all updates made upon previous release of the write lock.

A read-write lock allows for a greater level of concurrency in accessing shared data than that permitted by a mutual exclusion lock. It exploits the fact that while only a single thread at a time (a writer thread) can modify the shared data, in many cases any number of threads can concurrently read the data (hence reader threads). In theory, the increase in concurrency permitted by the use of a read-write lock will lead to performance improvements over the use of a mutual exclusion lock. In practice this increase in concurrency will only be fully realized on a multi-processor, and then only if the access patterns for the shared data are suitable.

Whether or not a read-write lock will improve performance over the use of a mutual exclusion lock depends on the frequency that the data is read compared to being modified, the duration of the read and write operations, and the contention for the data - that is, the number of threads that will try to read or write the data at the same time. For example, a collection that is initially populated with data and thereafter infrequently modified, while being frequently searched (such as a directory of some kind) is an ideal candidate for the use of a read-write lock. However, if updates become frequent then the data spends most of its time being exclusively locked and there is little, if any increase in concurrency. Further, if the read operations are too short the overhead of the read-write lock implementation (which is inherently more complex than a mutual exclusion lock) can dominate the execution cost, particularly as many read-write lock implementations still serialize all threads through a small section of code. Ultimately, only profiling and measurement will establish whether the use of a read-write lock is suitable for your application.

Although the basic operation of a read-write lock is straight-forward, there are many policy decisions that an implementation must make, which may affect the effectiveness of the read-write lock in a given application. Examples of these policies include:

Determining whether to grant the read lock or the write lock, when both readers and writers are waiting, at the time that a writer releases the write lock. Writer preference is common, as writes are expected to be short and infrequent. Reader preference is less common as it can lead to lengthy delays for a write if the readers are frequent and long-lived as expected. Fair, or "in-order" implementations are also possible.
Determining whether readers that request the read lock while a reader is active and a writer is waiting, are granted the read lock. Preference to the reader can delay the writer indefinitely, while preference to the writer can reduce the potential for concurrency.
Determining whether the locks are reentrant: can a thread with the write lock reacquire it? Can it acquire a read lock while holding the write lock? Is the read lock itself reentrant?
Can the write lock be downgraded to a read lock without allowing an intervening writer? Can a read lock be upgraded to a write lock, in preference to other waiting readers or writers?
You should consider all of these things when evaluating the suitability of a given implementation for your application.

翻译如下：

ReadWriteLock 维护了一对相关的锁，一个用于只读操作，另一个用于写入操作。只要没有 writer，读取锁可以由多个 reader 线程同时保持。写入锁是独占的。

所有 ReadWriteLock 实现都必须保证 writeLock 操作的内存同步效果也要保持与相关 readLock 的联系。也就是说，成功获取读锁的线程会看到写入锁之前版本所做的所有更新。

与互斥锁相比，读-写锁允许对共享数据进行更高级别的并发访问。虽然一次只有一个线程（writer 线程）可以修改共享数据，但在许多情况下，任何数量的线程可以同时读取共享数据（reader 线程），读-写锁利用了这一点
。从理论上讲，与互斥锁相比，使用读-写锁所允许的并发性增强将带来更大的性能提高。在实践中，只有在多处理器上并且只在访问模式适用于共享数据时，才能完全实现并发性增强。

与互斥锁相比，使用读-写锁能否提升性能则取决于读写操作期间读取数据相对于修改数据的频率，以及数据的争用——即在同一时间试图对该数据执行读取或写入操作的线程数。
例如，某个最初用数据填充并且之后不经常对其进行修改的 collection，因为经常对其进行搜索（比如搜索某种目录），所以这样的 collection 是使用读-写锁的理想候选者。
但是，如果数据更新变得频繁，数据在大部分时间都被独占锁，这时，就算存在并发性增强，也是微不足道的。更进一步地说，如果读取操作所用时间太短，
则读-写锁实现（它本身就比互斥锁复杂）的开销将成为主要的执行成本，在许多读-写锁实现仍然通过一小段代码将所有线程序列化时更是如此。最终，只有通过分析和测量，才能确定应用程序是否适合使用读-写锁。

尽管读-写锁的基本操作是直截了当的，但实现仍然必须作出许多决策，这些决策可能会影响给定应用程序中读-写锁的效果。这些策略的例子包括：

在 writer 释放写入锁时，reader 和 writer 都处于等待状态，在这时要确定是授予读取锁还是授予写入锁。Writer 优先比较普遍，因为预期写入所需的时间较短并且不那么频繁。Reader 优先不太普遍，因为如果 reader 正如预期的那样频繁和持久，那么它将导致对于写入操作来说较长的时延。公平或者“按次序”实现也是有可能的。
在 reader 处于活动状态而 writer 处于等待状态时，确定是否向请求读取锁的 reader 授予读取锁。Reader 优先会无限期地延迟 writer，而 writer 优先会减少可能的并发。
确定是否重新进入锁：可以使用带有写入锁的线程重新获取它吗？可以在保持写入锁的同时获取读取锁吗？可以重新进入写入锁本身吗？
可以将写入锁在不允许其他 writer 干涉的情况下降级为读取锁吗？可以优先于其他等待的 reader 或 writer 将读取锁升级为写入锁吗？
当评估给定实现是否适合您的应用程序时，应该考虑所有这些情况。

public class ReentrantReadWriteLock
extends Object
implements ReadWriteLock, Serializable
An implementation of ReadWriteLock supporting similar semantics to ReentrantLock.
This class has the following properties:

Acquisition order
This class does not impose a reader or writer preference ordering for lock access. However, it does support an optional fairness policy.

Non-fair mode (default)
When constructed as non-fair (the default), the order of entry to the read and write lock is unspecified, subject to reentrancy constraints. A nonfair lock that is continuously contended may indefinitely postpone one or more reader or writer threads, but will normally have higher throughput than a fair lock.
Fair mode
When constructed as fair, threads contend for entry using an approximately arrival-order policy. When the currently held lock is released either the longest-waiting single writer thread will be assigned the write lock, or if there is a group of reader threads waiting longer than all waiting writer threads, that group will be assigned the read lock.
A thread that tries to acquire a fair read lock (non-reentrantly) will block if either the write lock is held, or there is a waiting writer thread. The thread will not acquire the read lock until after the oldest currently waiting writer thread has acquired and released the write lock. Of course, if a waiting writer abandons its wait, leaving one or more reader threads as the longest waiters in the queue with the write lock free, then those readers will be assigned the read lock.

A thread that tries to acquire a fair write lock (non-reentrantly) will block unless both the read lock and write lock are free (which implies there are no waiting threads). (Note that the non-blocking ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock.tryLock() and ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock.tryLock() methods do not honor this fair setting and will acquire the lock if it is possible, regardless of waiting threads.)

Reentrancy
This lock allows both readers and writers to reacquire read or write locks in the style of a ReentrantLock. Non-reentrant readers are not allowed until all write locks held by the writing thread have been released.

Additionally, a writer can acquire the read lock, but not vice-versa. Among other applications, reentrancy can be useful when write locks are held during calls or callbacks to methods that perform reads under read locks. If a reader tries to acquire the write lock it will never succeed.

Lock downgrading
Reentrancy also allows downgrading from the write lock to a read lock, by acquiring the write lock, then the read lock and then releasing the write lock. However, upgrading from a read lock to the write lock is not possible.

Interruption of lock acquisition
The read lock and write lock both support interruption during lock acquisition.

Condition support
The write lock provides a Condition implementation that behaves in the same way, with respect to the write lock, as the Condition implementation provided by ReentrantLock.newCondition() does for ReentrantLock. This Condition can, of course, only be used with the write lock.

The read lock does not support a Condition and readLock().newCondition() throws UnsupportedOperationException.

Instrumentation
This class supports methods to determine whether locks are held or contended. These methods are designed for monitoring system state, not for synchronization control.

Serialization of this class behaves in the same way as built-in locks: a deserialized lock is in the unlocked state, regardless of its state when serialized.

Sample usages. Here is a code sketch showing how to perform lock downgrading after updating a cache (exception handling is particularly tricky when handling multiple locks in a non-nested fashion):

 class CachedData {
   Object data;
   volatile boolean cacheValid;
   final ReentrantReadWriteLock rwl = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();

   void processCachedData() {
     rwl.readLock().lock();
     if (!cacheValid) {
        // Must release read lock before acquiring write lock
        rwl.readLock().unlock();
        rwl.writeLock().lock();
        try {
          // Recheck state because another thread might have
          // acquired write lock and changed state before we did.
          if (!cacheValid) {
            data = ...
            cacheValid = true;
          }
          // Downgrade by acquiring read lock before releasing write lock
          rwl.readLock().lock();
        } finally {
          rwl.writeLock().unlock(); // Unlock write, still hold read
        }
     }

     try {
       use(data);
     } finally {
       rwl.readLock().unlock();
     }
   }
 }
ReentrantReadWriteLocks can be used to improve concurrency in some uses of some kinds of Collections. This is typically worthwhile only when the collections are expected to be large, accessed by more reader threads than writer threads, and entail operations with overhead that outweighs synchronization overhead. For example, here is a class using a TreeMap that is expected to be large and concurrently accessed.
class RWDictionary {
    private final Map<String, Data> m = new TreeMap<String, Data>();
    private final ReentrantReadWriteLock rwl = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
    private final Lock r = rwl.readLock();
    private final Lock w = rwl.writeLock();

    public Data get(String key) {
        r.lock();
        try { return m.get(key); }
        finally { r.unlock(); }
    }
    public String[] allKeys() {
        r.lock();
        try { return m.keySet().toArray(); }
        finally { r.unlock(); }
    }
    public Data put(String key, Data value) {
        w.lock();
        try { return m.put(key, value); }
        finally { w.unlock(); }
    }
    public void clear() {
        w.lock();
        try { m.clear(); }
        finally { w.unlock(); }
    }
 }
Implementation Notes

This lock supports a maximum of 65535 recursive write locks and 65535 read locks. Attempts to exceed these limits result in Error throws from locking methods.

读写锁：分为读锁和写锁，多个读锁不互斥，读锁与写锁互斥，这是由jvm自己控制的，你只要上好相应的锁即可。

如果只读数据，可以很多人同时读，但不能同时写，那就上读锁；

如果修改数据，只能有一个人在写，且不能同时读取，那就上写锁。

总之，读的时候上读锁，写的时候上写锁！

ReentrantReadWriteLock会使用两把锁来解决问题，一个读锁，一个写锁

线程进入读锁的前提条件：
　　没有其他线程的写锁，
　　没有写请求或者有写请求，但调用线程和持有锁的线程是同一个

线程进入写锁的前提条件：
　　没有其他线程的读锁
　　没有其他线程的写锁

到ReentrantReadWriteLock，首先要做的是与ReentrantLock划清界限。它和后者都是单独的实现，彼此之间没有继承或实现的关系。然后就是总结这个锁机制的特性了：
(a).重入方面其内部的WriteLock可以获取ReadLock，但是反过来ReadLock想要获得WriteLock则永远都不要想。
(b).WriteLock可以降级为ReadLock，顺序是：先获得WriteLock再获得ReadLock，然后释放WriteLock，这时候线程将保持Readlock的持有。反过来ReadLock想要升级为WriteLock则不可能，
(c).ReadLock可以被多个线程持有并且在作用时排斥任何的WriteLock，而WriteLock则是完全的互斥。这一特性最为重要，因为对于高读取频率而相对较低写入的数据结构，使用此类锁同步机制则可以提高并发量。
(d).不管是ReadLock还是WriteLock都支持Interrupt，语义与ReentrantLock一致。
(e).WriteLock支持Condition并且与ReentrantLock语义一致，而ReadLock则不能使用Condition，否则抛出UnsupportedOperationException异常。