ASP.NET Core 2 学习笔记(十二)REST-Like API
Restful几乎已算是API设计的标准,通过HTTP Method区分新增(Create)、查询(Read)、修改(Update)和删除(Delete),简称CRUD四种数据存取方式,简约又直接的风格,让人用的爱不释手。
本篇将介绍如何通过ASP.NET Core实践REST-Like API。
为什么是REST-Like 而不是 REST?
本文API设计未符合HATEOAS(Hypermedia As The Engine Of Application State)原则,所以不得称为RESTful API。
RESTful API 有四个重要的原则要遵守:
- Level 0
使用HTTP做为资料传输的媒介。 - Level 1
不要提供一个包山包海的API,而是要区分资源,每个资源都该有对应的API。 - Level 2
透过HTTP Method区分新增(Create)、查询(Read)、修改(Update)跟删除(Delete)。 - Level 3
对同资源可以用链结表达的方式,向下延伸查询或修改。
参考:HATEOAS
HTTP Method
REST-Like API 对数据的操作行为,通过HTTP Method 分为以下四种方式:
-
新增(Create)
用HTTPPOST
通过Body传递JSON或XML格式的数据给Server。例如:
POST http://localhost:5000/api/users
{
"id": 1,
"name": "SnailDev"
}
-
查询(Read)
用HTTPGET通
过URL带查询参数。通常查询单一资源会用路由参数(Routing Parameter)带上唯一值(Primary Key);多笔查询会用复数,而查询条件用Query String。例如:
# 单笔查询
GET http://localhost:5000/api/users/1
# 多笔查询
GET http://localhost:5000/api/users
# 多笔查询带条件
GET http://localhost:5000/api/users?q=SnailDev
-
修改(Update)
修改数据如同查询跟新增的组合,用HTTPPUT通
过URL带路由参数,找到要修改的目标;再通过Body传递JSON或XML格式的数据给Server。例如:
PUT http://localhost:5000/api/users/1
{
"name": "SnailDev"
}
-
删除(Delete)
删除数据同查询,用HTTPDELETE
通过URL带路由参数,找到要删除的目标。例如:
DELETE http://localhost:5000/api/users/1
HTTP Method Attribute
ASP.NET Core 2 学习笔记(六)MVC 有提到,过去ASP.NET MVC把MVC及Web API的套件分开,但在ASP.NET Core中MVC及Web API用的套件是相同的。所以只要装Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc
套件就可以用Web API了。路由方式也跟ASP.NET Core 2 学习笔记(七)路由 介绍的RouteAttribute
差不多,只是改用HTTP Method Attribute。
HTTP Method Attribute 符合RESTful 原则的路由设定方式如下:
[Route("api/[controller]s")]
public class UserController : Controller
{
[HttpGet]
public List<UserModel> Get(string q)
{
// ...
}
[HttpGet("{id}")]
public UserModel Get(int id)
{
// ...
}
[HttpPost]
public int Post([FromBody]UserModel user)
{
// ...
}
[HttpPut("{id}")]
public void Put(int id, [FromBody]UserModel user)
{
// ...
}
[HttpDelete("{id}")]
public void Delete(int id)
{
// ...
}
}
目前ASP.NET Core 还没有像ASP.NET MVC 的MapHttpAttributeRoutes 可以绑Http Method 的全局路由,都要在Action 加上HTTP Method Attribute。
SerializerSettings
用以下代码,说明SerializerSettings
:
public class UserModel
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
public string PhoneNumber { get; set; }
public string Address { get; set; }
}
// ...
[Route("api/[controller]s")]
public class UserController : Controller
{
[HttpGet("{id}")]
public UserModel Get(int id)
{
return new UserModel {
Id = 1,
Name = "SnailDev"
};
}
}
camel Case
过去ASP.NET Web API 2预设是Pascal Case;而ASP.NET Core预设是使用camel Case。
若想要指定用ContractResolver
,可以在Startup.cs
的ConfigureServices
加入MVC服务时,使用AddJsonOptions
设定如下:
// ...
public class Startup
{
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddMvc()
.AddJsonOptions(options =>
{
options.SerializerSettings.ContractResolver
= new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver();
});
// 同以下写法:
// services.AddMvc();
}
}
访问http://localhost:5000/api/users/1
会返回JSON如下:
{
"id": 1,
"name": "SnailDev",
"email": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"address": null
}
Pascal Case
若想保持跟ASP.NET Web API 2一样使用Pascal Case,ContractResolver
则改用DefaultContractResolver
。
// ...
public class Startup
{
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddMvc()
.AddJsonOptions(options =>
{
options.SerializerSettings.ContractResolver
= new DefaultContractResolver();
});
}
}
DefaultContractResolver
名称是延续ASP.NET,虽然名称叫Default,但在ASP.NET Core它不是Default。CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver
才是ASP.NET Core的Default ContractResolver。
访问http://localhost:5000/api/users/1
会返回JSON如下:
{
"Id": 1,
"Name": "SnailDev",
"Email": null,
"PhoneNumber": null,
"Address": null
}
Ignore Null
上述两个JSON 回传,都带有null 的字段。在序列化的过程,找不到字段会自动转成null,传送的过程忽略掉也没错,反而可以节省到一点流量。
// ...
public class Startup
{
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddMvc()
.AddJsonOptions(options =>
{
options.SerializerSettings.NullValueHandling
= Newtonsoft.Json.NullValueHandling.Ignore;
});
}
}
访问http://localhost:5000/api/users/1
会返回JSON如下:
{
"id": 1,
"name": "SnailDev"
}
示例程序
Startup.cs
public class Startup
{
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddMvc()
.AddJsonOptions(options => {
options.SerializerSettings.NullValueHandling
= Newtonsoft.Json.NullValueHandling.Ignore;
});
}
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
app.UseMvc();
}
}
Models\ResultModel.cs
namespace MyWebsite.Models
{
public class ResultModel
{
public bool IsSuccess { get; set; }
public string Message { get; set; }
public object Data { get; set; }
}
}
用一个ResultModel 来包装每个API 回传的内容,不论调用Web API 成功失败都用此对象包装,避免直接throw exception 到Client,产生HTTP Status 200 以外的状态。
Controllers/UserController.cs
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using MyWebsite.Models;
namespace MyWebsite.Controllers
{
[Route("api/[controller]s")]
public class UserController : Controller
{
private static List<UserModel> _users = new List<UserModel>();
[HttpGet]
public ResultModel Get(string q)
{
var result = new ResultModel();
result.Data = _users.Where(c => string.IsNullOrEmpty(q)
|| Regex.IsMatch(c.Name, q, RegexOptions.IgnoreCase));
result.IsSuccess = true;
return result;
}
[HttpGet("{id}")]
public ResultModel Get(int id)
{
var result = new ResultModel();
result.Data = _users.SingleOrDefault(c => c.Id == id);
result.IsSuccess = true;
return result;
}
[HttpPost]
public ResultModel Post([FromBody]UserModel user)
{
var result = new ResultModel();
user.Id = _users.Count() == 0 ? 1 : _users.Max(c => c.Id) + 1;
_users.Add(user);
result.Data = user.Id;
result.IsSuccess = true;
return result;
}
[HttpPut("{id}")]
public ResultModel Put(int id, [FromBody]UserModel user)
{
var result = new ResultModel();
int index;
if ((index = _users.FindIndex(c => c.Id == id)) != -1)
{
_users[index] = user;
result.IsSuccess = true;
}
return result;
}
[HttpDelete("{id}")]
public ResultModel Delete(int id)
{
var result = new ResultModel();
int index;
if ((index = _users.FindIndex(c => c.Id == id)) != -1)
{
_users.RemoveAt(index);
result.IsSuccess = true;
}
return result;
}
}
}
执行结果
通过Postman 测试API。
- 新增(Create)
- 查询(Read)
- 修改(Update)
- 删除(Delete)
参考
Routing in ASP.NET Core
Attribute Routing in ASP.NET Core
Richardson Maturity Model
HATEOAS
老司机发车啦:https://github.com/SnailDev/SnailDev.NETCore2Learning