java 初始化顺序问题

今天在《thinking in java》上面看了关于初始化问题，之前从来都没有深入考虑过，这次算是把它搞明白了，所以记录一下：

这个不是我看到的初始化顺序问题，在网上搜索的时候发现的，感觉讲得很好，就收下了：http://www.cnblogs.com/miniwiki/archive/2011/03/25/1995615.html

我看的是静态数据和非静态数据的初始化，总结比较重要的内容：

1.在类的内部，变量定义的先后顺序决定了初始化的顺序。即使变量定义散步于方法定义间，它们仍旧会在任何方法（包括构造器）被调用之前得到初始化。

2.无论创建多少个对象，静态数据都只占用一份存储区域。static关键字不能应用与局部变量，因此它只能作用于域。如果一个域是静态的基本类型域，且也没有对它进行初始化，那么它就会获得基本类型的标准初值；如果它是一个对象的引用，那么它的默认初始化值就是null。

//: initialization/OrderOfInitialization.java
// Demonstrates initialization order.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

// When the constructor is called to create a
// Window object, you'll see a message:
class Window {
  Window(int marker) { print("Window(" + marker + ")"); }
}

class House {
  Window w1 = new Window(1); // Before constructor
  House() {
    // Show that we're in the constructor:
    print("House()");
    w3 = new Window(33); // Reinitialize w3
  }
  Window w2 = new Window(2); // After constructor
  void f() { print("f()"); }
  Window w3 = new Window(3); // At end
}

public class OrderOfInitialization {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    House h = new House();
    h.f(); // Shows that construction is done
  }
} /* Output:
Window(1)
Window(2)
Window(3)
House()
Window(33)
f()
*///:~

//: initialization/StaticInitialization.java
// Specifying initial values in a class definition.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Bowl {
  Bowl(int marker) {
    print("Bowl(" + marker + ")");
  }
  void f1(int marker) {
    print("f1(" + marker + ")");
  }
}

class Table {
  static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1);
  Table() {
    print("Table()");
    bowl2.f1(1);
  }
  void f2(int marker) {
    print("f2(" + marker + ")");
  }
  static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2);
}

class Cupboard {
  Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3);
  static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4);
  Cupboard() {
    print("Cupboard()");
    bowl4.f1(2);
  }
  void f3(int marker) {
    print("f3(" + marker + ")");
  }
  static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5);
}

public class StaticInitialization {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
    new Cupboard();
    print("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
    new Cupboard();
    table.f2(1);
    cupboard.f3(1);
  }
  static Table table = new Table();
  static Cupboard cupboard = new Cupboard();
} /* Output:
Bowl(1)
Bowl(2)
Table()
f1(1)
Bowl(4)
Bowl(5)
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
f2(1)
f3(1)
*///:~

//: initialization/ExplicitStatic.java
// Explicit static initialization with the "static" clause.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Cup {
  Cup(int marker) {
    print("Cup(" + marker + ")");
  }
  void f(int marker) {
    print("f(" + marker + ")");
  }
}

class Cups {
  static Cup cup1;
  static Cup cup2;
  static {
    cup1 = new Cup(1);
    cup2 = new Cup(2);
  }
  Cups() {
    print("Cups()");
  }
}

public class ExplicitStatic {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("Inside main()");
    Cups.cup1.f(99);  // (1)
  }
  // static Cups cups1 = new Cups();  // (2)
  // static Cups cups2 = new Cups();  // (2)
} /* Output:
Inside main()
Cup(1)
Cup(2)
f(99)
*///:~

//: initialization/Mugs.java
// Java "Instance Initialization."
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Mug {
  Mug(int marker) {
    print("Mug(" + marker + ")");
  }
  void f(int marker) {
    print("f(" + marker + ")");
  }
}

public class Mugs {
  Mug mug1;
  Mug mug2;
  {
    mug1 = new Mug(1);
    mug2 = new Mug(2);
    print("mug1 & mug2 initialized");
  }
  Mugs() {
    print("Mugs()");
  }
  Mugs(int i) {
    print("Mugs(int)");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("Inside main()");
    new Mugs();
    print("new Mugs() completed");
    new Mugs(1);
    print("new Mugs(1) completed");
  }
} /* Output:
Inside main()
Mug(1)
Mug(2)
mug1 & mug2 initialized
Mugs()
new Mugs() completed
Mug(1)
Mug(2)
mug1 & mug2 initialized
Mugs(int)
new Mugs(1) completed
*///:~