英语语法
宾语从句:引导词在动词(必须是及物动词),介词,形容词之后
定语从句:引导词一定在名词之后
状语从句:引导词可能在动词(必须是不及物动词),名词,形容词之后
区分状语从句和宾语从句之前你要先了解什么是从句 什么是主句。在英语里面从句是有引导词引导的(跟在引导词后面),没有引导词的是主句。
状语从句,分为时间,地点,目的,结果,原因,条件状语从句,翻译为当什么时候,在哪里,为了怎么怎么样
宾语从句:当主句缺宾语时,从句做宾语。句子作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语都是宾语从句的具体表现。
状语:1、当主句不缺成分时,从句做状语,
2、主句不缺成分(如宾语从句),且主句的成分不做从句中的成分(定语从句中的where/when,主句和从句不缺成分(即两者都有主谓),但是主句中的先行词在从句中做状语,相当于介词)
注意:及物动词vt和不及物动词vi
I wonder where his home is. wonder为动词 此句为宾从 where引导词
I will build my house where there are many trees 此句子就是状语从句我会把房子建在有许多书的地方。
I will go where I am needed. 状从(go是不及物动词,不可能有宾语,where从句是go的目的地状语)
I don't know what they are looking for. 宾从(及物动词才有宾语)
定语从句(从句中缺主语或宾语或when/where或whose或why,一般会翻译为…的):
why,在从句中做状语
when/where:从句中只有主语+vi或者从句中有主谓宾(此时做状语,相当于介词一样)
引导词:
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
This is the factory where my father once worked. 这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。(worked是不及物动词,不接宾语,所以不用which/that。where相当于in the factory)
I will never forget the days which/that I spent in the wood near our village. 我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。(the days是spent的宾语)
I will never forgetthe days when I spent my holidays with my grandparents. 我忘不了我和我的祖父母一起度假的日子。(spent的宾语是holidays,不是the days)
I will never forget the small village where I spent my holidays. 我忘不了我度假的小村庄。(与上句一样,spent的宾语是my holidays)
Is this the school which/that you visited the other day? 这是你几天前参观过的学校吗?(the school作visited的宾语)
Is this the school where you visited your teacher the other day? 这是你几天前拜访你老师的学校吗?(visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语your teacher,所以不用that/which)
That's the man whose house has burned down. 那就是那位房屋烧毁的人。
Life is a flower of which love is honey. 人生是花朵,爱情是花蜜。
关系副词why用在reason之后,只引导限制性定语从句,why在从句中作状语,表示原因。
Give me the reason why you should be interested in his affairs. 告诉我你为什么竟对他的事这样感兴趣。
That is the reason why he raised the question. 这就是他所以提出问题的原因。
第一,名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句)
第二,定语从句
第三,状语从句
分类
从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,是一个特殊句子,就像一个句子一样。所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词引导。
根据从句语法功能的不同可分为:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。
前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,所以通称名词性从句;
定语从句功能相当于形容词,称为形容词性从句;
而状语从句功能相当于副词,称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句和时间状语从句。
主语从句(Subject Clause)
用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
表语从句(Predicative Clause)
用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词很多都一样。
宾语从句(Object Clause)
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
同位语从句
是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一,从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系就是同位关系,即主表关系。
定语从句
是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
状语从句
可分为:
时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)
1) when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。
2) as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等
地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)
引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.
原因/结果/目的状语从句(adverbial clause of cause)
because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等
条件状语从句(adverbial clause of condition)
if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等
让步状语从句(adverbial clause of concession)
though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等
比较状语从句(adverbial clause of comparison)
方式状语从句(adverbial clause of manner)
引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。
The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.
Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.
2英语八类状语从句的用法归纳
一、概说
状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义,状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点,也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别,以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。
二、时间状语从句
1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多,常见的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。
2. 表示“当…时候”的 while, when, as 的用法区别是:while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用 when;当表示“一边…一边…”或“随着”时,只能用 as。另外,用于此义的 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词,不能是状态动词。如下面一道高考题的答案是 B 而不能是A:
“I’m going to the post office.” “_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?”
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
3. until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间;在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词,表示相应动作开始的时间,意为“直到…才”。如:
He waited until she was about to leave. 他等着一直到她准备离开。
I did not begin to work till he had gone. 他走了后我才开始工作。
4. 表示“一…就”除用 as soon as 外,还可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如:
I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。
Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow. 她刚到就下起雪来了。
The moment I have finished I'll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。
5. every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等以 time 结尾的词语也可用作连词,引导时间状语从句。如:
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来,请关门。
He didn’t tell me anything the last time I saw him. 上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。
By the time I got home, she had already gone to bed. 我到家时她已睡觉了。
三、条件状语从句
1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有 if, unless, as [so] long as等。如:
Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话,否则你别来。
If you watch carefully you will see how to do it. 如果你仔细瞧你会看出该怎样做。
As long as you do your best, we’ll be happy. 只要你尽力,我们就满意了。
2. in case 也可引导条件状语从句,其意为“如果”、“万一”。如:
In case I forget, please remind me about it. 如果我忘了,请提醒我。
四、让步状语从句
1. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有 although, though, however (=no matter how), even if(即使), whether…or(不论…还是)等连词。如:
The speech is good, though it could be better. 这次演讲不错,虽然还可以再好一点。
He went out even though it was raining. 尽管下雨,他还是出去了。
2. as 也可引导让步状语从句,但要将名词、形容词或副词等提到 as 前,若提前的是单数可数名词,要省略 a / an。如:
Teacher as he is, he can’t know everything. 虽然是老师,他也不可能什么都懂。
3. 连词 while 有时也可表示“尽管”、“虽然”,引导让步状语从句。如:
While we don’t agree we continue to be friends. 尽管我们意见不同,我们还是朋友。
4. whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句。如:
Don’t lose heart whatever you do. 不管你做什么,都不要灰心。
Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。
注:表示“虽然”的 though, although 不可与 but 连用,但可与 yet, still 连用。
五、原因状语从句
1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that)等:
They can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他们不可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。
Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去,我也去。
Now that we are alone, we can speak freely. 现在我们单独在一起,可以随便谈了。
2. 除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外,when有时也可引导原因状语从句,其意“既然”。如:
I can’t tell you when you won't listen. 既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。
3. 有关原因状语从句还应注意以下几点:
(1) as 与 since, now that 一样表示双方都知道的原因,通常位于主句前,且均不可用于强调结构被强调。
(2) 当表示直接的因果关系,回答 why 时,或有 only, just, all, partly, not, but 等副词修饰时,或用在强调结构中都只能用 because。
(3) for 有时也可引出表示原因的分句,但它只能位于后面,对前一分句加以解释或推断。
(4) 不要受汉语意思影响将表示“因为”的连词与表示“所以”的 so 连用。
六、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where (在…的地方), wherever(无论什么地方), everywhere(每个…地方), anywhere(任何…地方)。如:
I’m not living where I was. 我不在原处住了。
You can’t camp where [wherever, anywhere] you like these days. 如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。
2. 有的同学认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多,误认为考试不会涉及,但恰恰相反,地点状语从句却是英语考试经常考查的一个知识点。请看以下考题:
(1) When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where
(2) After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
(3) You should make it a rule to leave things _____ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
(4) She found her calculator ______ she lost it.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
以上四题均选where,其意为“在…的地方”,用以引导地点状语从句。
七、目的状语从句
1. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如:
I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一条船去钓鱼。
Take your coat in case it rains (should rain). 带着雨衣以防下雨。
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习,是为了能通过考试。
2. 引导目的状语从句的 so that 有时可省so 或 that,即单独用 so 或 that 来引导目的状语从句。如:
Check carefully, so any mistake will be caught. 仔细检查,以便任何错误都可检查出。
Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些,使我能看得清楚些。
八、结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有so that, so…that, such…that等。如:
He was so angry that he couldn't speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。
注:so…that和such…that中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略。
宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句(及物动词或及物动词+人)、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。