(八)爬虫之js调试(登陆知乎)

  上次爬取网易云音乐,折腾js调试了好久,难受。。。。今天继续练练手,研究下知乎登陆,让痛苦更猛烈些。

1.简单分析

  很容易就发现登陆的url=“https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in”,post方法提交,需要的请求头和表单数据如下两图,请求头中有一个特殊的x-xsrftoken,表单数据为加密后的一长串字符窜,因此需要构造这两个值即可。

 

 

2. 获取 x-xsrftoken值

   首先是这个特殊的x-xsrftoken,发现通过访问url="https://www.zhihu.com/",返回的cookies里面能拿到(会自动重定向,需要禁止重定向拿到requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False)),代码如下:

headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.81 Safari/537.36",}
def get_xsrf(headers): url
="https://www.zhihu.com/" r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False) #禁止重定向时,cookies里面有xsrf参数 xsrf = r.cookies["_xsrf"]

 

3. 构造表单数据

  然后就是表单数据的构造和加密了, 根据前辈们的提示,提交url为url=“https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in”,一般表单会和末尾部分/oauth/sign_in有关系,于是在js文件里面搜索sign_in时,发现了下面的API,通过添加断点,点击登录,然后执行到断点处时,看到了如下的表单数据。变换不同账号试了下,发现只有captcha,signature,timestamp三个值在改变,其他参数不变。很明显,captcha为验证码,timestamp为时间戳(注意是13位),signature也像一个加密值,接下来就是寻找这几个值构造表单了。

表单数据:

  3.1 构造signature

    对于signature,在js文件中搜索signature,发现了下面的signature关键字,同样打断点,发现signature是采用hmac对四个数据加密后的结果;加密方  法为sha1,salt值如下,然后加密的参数依次是e=“password”, u="c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20"(就是clientId), source="com.zhihu.web", n为13为  时间戳。用python实现代码如下:

def get_signature(grantType,clientId,source,timestamp):
    h = hmac.new("d1b964811afb40118a12068ff74a12f4","",hashlib.sha1)
    h.update(grantType+clientId+source+str(timestamp))
    return h.hexdigest()

  3.2 构造captcha

    然后是处理验证码captcha参数,发现有三种情况:

    1. 不需要验证码,captcha=""

    2. 请求验证码的url为"https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn",返回为汉字图片,需要点击图片中倒立的汉字,captcha为坐标值

               3.请求验证码的url为"https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en",返回英文字母图片,输入图片中英文字符即可,captcha为英文字符

   验证码的请求和处理流程如下:

    首先向上述两个验证码请求url中任一个发送get请求,如果返回{show_captcha:False},不需要验证码,captcha="",直接返回即可;如果返回{show_captcha:True},则需要验证码,继续向该url发送put请求(需要第一步的cookie),服务器会返回base64编码的验证码图片,利用base64解码写入文件即为验证码图片。打开图片,根据要求输入验证码或点击图片即为captcha的值,这里需要先携带cookie和验证码值,向服务器发送post请求,返回success才表示验证成功。比较特殊的是中文验证码处理,验证码的值为几组坐标值,如下第二张图片所示,可以利用matplotlib.pyplot模块来获取图片点击的坐标值(注意提交结果为实际点击坐标的一半)。

验证码:

 验证码结果返回:

验证码处理的代码如下:

def get_captcha(lang,headers):
    if lang=="cn":
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"
    else:
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en"
        
    ret = requests.get(api,headers=headers)
    cookies = ret.cookies
    show_captcha = re.search("true",ret.text)
    captcha=""
    if show_captcha:
        img_res = requests.put(api,headers=headers,cookies=cookies)  #得带上第一步的cookie,否则返回,{u'code': 120002, u'name': u'ERR_CAPSION_TICKET_NOT_FOUND'}
        img_json = json.loads(img_res.text)
        img_data = img_json["img_base64"].replace("\n","")
        with open("captcha.jpg","wb") as i:
            i.write(base64.b64decode(img_data))
        img = Image.open("captcha.jpg")
        if lang=="cn":
            plt.imshow(img)
            print("点击图片中所有倒立的汉字,在命令行中按回车键提交")
            points = plt.ginput(7) #阻塞点击七次后返回(或者中途点击回车键返回),返回包含坐标组的列表,格式:[(44.661290322580641, 49.951612903225794)]
            captcha = json.dumps({
                "img_size":[200,44],
                "input_points":[[i[0]/2,i[1]/2] for i in points]  #获取的坐标得除2
            })
            
        else:
            img_thread = threading.Thread(target=img.show)
            img_thread.setDaemon(True)
            img_thread.start()
            captcha = raw_input("请输入图片里的验证码:")  #python 2.7
        r = requests.post(api,headers=headers,data={"input_text":captcha},cookies=cookies)  #先提交验证码结果
        print(r.text)
    return captcha,cookies
验证码处理

4. 加密表单数据

  拿到上述表单需要的值后,剩下的就是对表单数据进行加密了,搜索了下encrypt,找到了如下的js代码,通过打断点,看到了下图中e的值,和表单中的参数一模一样,可以确定为加密方法,简单研究了下js代码,实在看不懂。。。。谷歌了下大佬们的解决方案(见文末参考),发现需要将加密方法(28853行大括号截止处,对应function)拷贝出来,利用execjs模块在python中执行js代码即可。需要注意的是,拷贝出来的加密方法是在浏览器中运行的,需要去掉window,document等对象处理成node.js环境下运行的js代码,然后安装node.js,将execjs模块的运行环境设置为node.js即可以运行了。下面为处理后的encrypt代码和python加密方法:

function s(e) {
    return (s = "function" == typeof Symbol && "symbol" == typeof Symbol.t ? function(e) {
        return typeof e
    }
    : function(e) {
        return e && "function" == typeof Symbol && e.constructor === Symbol && e !== Symbol.prototype ? "symbol" : typeof e
    }
    )(e)
}
function i() {}
function h(e) {
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    this.i = (1536 & e) >> 9,
    this.h = 511 & e,
    this.A = 511 & e
}
function A(e) {
    this.i = (3072 & e) >> 10,
    this.A = 1023 & e
}
function n(e) {
    this.n = (3072 & e) >> 10,
    this.e = (768 & e) >> 8,
    this.a = (192 & e) >> 6,
    this.s = 63 & e
}
function e(e) {
    this.i = e >> 10 & 3,
    this.h = 1023 & e
}
function a() {}
function c(e) {
    this.n = (3072 & e) >> 10,
    this.e = (768 & e) >> 8,
    this.a = (192 & e) >> 6,
    this.s = 63 & e
}
function o(e) {
    this.A = (4095 & e) >> 2,
    this.s = 3 & e
}
function r(e) {
    this.i = e >> 10 & 3,
    this.h = e >> 2 & 255,
    this.s = 3 & e
}
function k(e) {
    this.s = (4095 & e) >> 10,
    this.i = (1023 & e) >> 8,
    this.h = 1023 & e,
    this.A = 63 & e
}
function B(e) {
    this.s = (4095 & e) >> 10,
    this.n = (1023 & e) >> 8,
    this.e = (255 & e) >> 6
}
function f(e) {
    this.i = (3072 & e) >> 10,
    this.A = 1023 & e
}
function u(e) {
    this.A = 4095 & e
}
function C(e) {
    this.i = (3072 & e) >> 10
}
function b(e) {
    this.A = 4095 & e
}
function g(e) {
    this.s = (3840 & e) >> 8,
    this.i = (192 & e) >> 6,
    this.h = 63 & e
}
function G() {
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        8: r,
        9: k,
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        11: f,
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}
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
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});
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var Q = function(e) {
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};
encrypt.js
#准备表单数据
    timestamp = int(1000*time.time())
    data_dict = {
        "captcha": "",
        "client_id": "c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20",
        "grant_type": "password",
        "lang": "en",
        "password": "你的密码",
        "ref_source": "homepage",
        "signature": "",
        "source": "com.zhihu.web",
        "timestamp": timestamp,
        "username": "你的用户名",
        "utm_source": "",
    }
#将表单数据加密
    with open("encrypt.js",'r') as f:
        #os.environ["EXECJS_RUNTIME"] = "Node"
        # os.environ["NODE_PATH"] = r"D:\nodejs\node_modules"
        #print execjs.get().name
        js = execjs.compile(f.read().decode("utf-8"))  #传入unicode字符
        data = js.call(u'Q',urlencode(data_dict)) #data_dict为表单数据
表单加密

 

5. 加密数据提交

  拿到所有数据后,可以提交post请求了,需要注意的有三个地方:

    1.表单中参数的大小写和拼写要注意了 (我开始将client_id写成了clientId,报错找不到client_id参数)

    2. 请求头headers必须需要"content-type":",'x-zse-83',"x-xsrftoken"三个参数

    3. 需要带上cookie,最主要的是cookie中的cookies["capsion_ticket"]不能少,可以利用获取验证码时返回的cookie

  最后完整代码如下:

#coding:utf-8

#登陆并爬取知乎

import requests
import time 
import hmac
import hashlib
from urllib import urlencode
import execjs #安装PyExecJS模块
import os
import json
import re
import base64
from PIL import Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import threading



def get_signature(grantType,clientId,source,timestamp):
    h = hmac.new("d1b964811afb40118a12068ff74a12f4","",hashlib.sha1)
    h.update(grantType+clientId+source+str(timestamp))
    return h.hexdigest()

def get_captcha(lang,headers):
    if lang=="cn":
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"
    else:
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en"
        
    ret = requests.get(api,headers=headers)
    cookies = ret.cookies
    show_captcha = re.search("true",ret.text)
    captcha=""
    if show_captcha:
        img_res = requests.put(api,headers=headers,cookies=cookies)  #得带上第一步的cookie,否则返回,{u'code': 120002, u'name': u'ERR_CAPSION_TICKET_NOT_FOUND'}
        img_json = json.loads(img_res.text)
        img_data = img_json["img_base64"].replace("\n","")
        with open("captcha.jpg","wb") as i:
            i.write(base64.b64decode(img_data))
        img = Image.open("captcha.jpg")
        if lang=="cn":
            plt.imshow(img)
            print("点击图片中所有倒立的汉字,在命令行中按回车键提交")
            points = plt.ginput(7) #阻塞点击七次后返回(或者中途点击回车键返回),返回包含坐标组的列表,格式:[(44.661290322580641, 49.951612903225794)]
            captcha = json.dumps({
                "img_size":[200,44],
                "input_points":[[i[0]/2,i[1]/2] for i in points]  #获取的坐标得除2
            })
            
        else:
            img_thread = threading.Thread(target=img.show)
            img_thread.setDaemon(True)
            img_thread.start()
            captcha = raw_input("请输入图片里的验证码:")  #python 2.7
        r = requests.post(api,headers=headers,data={"input_text":captcha},cookies=cookies)  #先提交验证码结果
        print(r.text)
    return captcha,cookies
def get_xsrf(headers):
    url="https://www.zhihu.com/"
    r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False)  #禁止重定向时,cookies里面有xsrf参数
    xsrf = r.cookies["_xsrf"]    
    
def login(lang):
    headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.81 Safari/537.36",}
    
    #准备表单数据
    timestamp = int(1000*time.time())
    data_dict = {
        "captcha": "",
        "client_id": "c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20",
        "grant_type": "password",
        "lang": "en",
        "password": "xxxxx",
        "ref_source": "homepage",
        "signature": "",
        "source": "com.zhihu.web",
        "timestamp": timestamp,
        "username": "xxxxxxxx",
        "utm_source": "",
    }
    data_dict["signature"] = get_signature(data_dict["grant_type"],data_dict["client_id"],data_dict["source"],timestamp)
    data_dict["captcha"],cookies = get_captcha(lang,headers)
    
    #将表单数据加密
    with open("encrypt.js",'r') as f:
        #os.environ["EXECJS_RUNTIME"] = "Node"
        # os.environ["NODE_PATH"] = r"D:\nodejs\node_modules"
        #print execjs.get().name
        js = execjs.compile(f.read().decode("utf-8"))  #传入unicode字符
        data = js.call(u'Q',urlencode(data_dict)) #data_dict为表单数据
        print(data)
    
    #准备请求头
    xsrf = get_xsrf(headers)
    header={
        "content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
        #"Referer":"https://www.zhihu.com/signin",
        'x-zse-83': '3_1.1',
        "x-xsrftoken":xsrf,    
    }
    headers.update(header)
    sign_url = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in"
    response = requests.post(url=sign_url,headers=headers,data=data,cookies=cookies)   #cookies["capsion_ticket"]不能少
    print(response.status_code)
    print(response.text)
    
if __name__=="__main__":
    login("cn")  #也可以为en
知乎登陆
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(new G).J("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", 0, ["BRgg", "BSITFQkTERw=", "LQYfEhMA", "PxMVFBMZKB8DEjQaBQcZExMC", "", "NhETEQsE", "Whg=", "Wg==", "MhUcHRARDhg=", "NBcPBxYeDQMF", "Lx4ODys+GhMC", "LgM7OwAKDyk6Cg4=", "Mx8SGQUvMQ==", "SA==", "ORoVGCQgERcCAxo=", "BTcAERcCAxo=", "BRg3ABEXAgMaFAo=", "SQ==", "OA8LGBsP", "GC8LGBsP", "Tg==", "PxAcBQ==", "Tw==", "KRsJDgE=", "TA==", "LQofHg4DBwsP", "TQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGTU0GQIeBRsYEQ8=", "Qg==", "BWpUGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZG1MbGR8ZGxkXGRFpGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZGw==", "ORMRCyk0Exk8LQ==", "ORMRCyst"]);
var Q = function(e) {
    return __g._encrypt(e)
};
encrypt.js

 

参考: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/57375111

   https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/34073256

posted @ 2019-04-14 11:42  silence_cho  阅读(2712)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报