鸿蒙HarmonyOS实战-ArkTS语言(状态管理)
🚀前言
状态管理是指在应用程序中维护和更新应用程序状态的过程。在一个程序中,可能有很多不同的组件和模块,它们需要共享和相互作用的状态。如果没有一个明确的方式来管理这些状态,就会导致代码混乱、不易维护和难以扩展。
状态管理的目标是提供一种机制,使得所有的组件和模块都可以访问和更新同一个状态。这个状态通常是存储在一个中央存储区域中,被称为状态存储或状态容器。状态管理通常与应用程序的响应式设计紧密相连,以便在状态改变时自动更新应用程序的界面。
🚀一、ArkTS语言状态管理
🔎1.概述
在声明式UI编程框架中,应用程序的UI是由程序状态驱动的。用户构建一个UI模型,其中应用的运行时状态作为参数传递进去。当参数改变时,UI会根据新的参数重新渲染。这个运行时状态的变化是由状态管理机制来处理的,它会监控状态的变化,并自动更新UI的渲染。在ArkUI中,自定义组件的变量必须被装饰器装饰为状态变量,这样它们的改变才能引起UI的重新渲染。如果不使用状态变量,UI只能在初始化时渲染,后续将不会再刷新。状态变量和UI之间的关系如下图所示:
View(UI):UI渲染,指将build方法内的UI描述和@Builder装饰的方法内的UI描述映射到界面。
State:状态,指驱动UI更新的数据。用户通过触发组件的事件方法,改变状态数据。状态数据的改变,引起UI的重新渲染。
🦋1.1 基本概念
@Component
struct MyComponent {
//状态变量:被状态装饰器装饰的变量,状态变量值的改变会引起UI的渲染更新
@State count: number = 0;
//常规变量:没有被状态装饰器装饰的变量,通常应用于辅助计算。
private increaseBy: number = 1;
build() {
}
}
@Component
struct Parent {
build() {
Column() {
// 从父组件初始化,覆盖本地定义的默认值
MyComponent({ count: 1, increaseBy: 2 })
}
}
}
🦋1.2 装饰器总览
ArkUI提供了多种装饰器主要分为:管理组件拥有的状态、管理应用拥有的状态、其他状态管理功能,主要图形如下:
☀️1.2.1 管理组件拥有的状态
🌈1.2.1.1 @State 组件内状态
@State变量装饰器只支持Object、class、string、number、boolean、enum类型,以及这些类型的数组。不支持复杂类型(比如Date类型)
父子组件初始化和传递装饰图如下:
🍬1.2.1.1.1 变化规则
1、可变类型(boolean、string、number)
// for simple type
@State count: number = 0;
// value changing can be observed
this.count = 1;
2、可变类型(class、Object)
class ClassA {
public value: string;
constructor(value: string) {
this.value = value;
}
}
class Model {
public value: string;
public name: ClassA;
constructor(value: string, a: ClassA) {
this.value = value;
this.name = a;
}
}
// class类型
@State title: Model = new Model('Hello', new ClassA('World'));
// class类型赋值
this.title = new Model('Hi', new ClassA('ArkUI'));
// class属性的赋值
this.title.value = 'Hi'
// 嵌套的属性赋值观察不到
this.title.name.value = 'ArkUI'
3、可变类型(array)
class Model {
public value: number;
constructor(value: number) {
this.value = value;
}
}
@State title: Model[] = [new Model(11), new Model(1)]
this.title = [new Model(2)]
this.title[0] = new Model(2)
this.title.pop()
this.title.push(new Model(12))
🍬1.2.1.1.2 使用场景
1、简单类型
@Entry
@Component
struct MyComponent {
@State count: number = 0;
build() {
Button(`click times: ${this.count}`)
.onClick(() => {
this.count += 1;
})
}
}
2、其他类型
class Model {
public value: string;
constructor(value: string) {
this.value = value;
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct EntryComponent {
build() {
Column() {
// 此处指定的参数都将在初始渲染时覆盖本地定义的默认值,并不是所有的参数都需要从父组件初始化
MyComponent({ count: 1, increaseBy: 2 })
MyComponent({ title: new Model('Hello, World 2'), count: 7 })
}
}
}
@Component
struct MyComponent {
@State title: Model = new Model('Hello World');
@State count: number = 0;
private increaseBy: number = 1;
build() {
Column() {
Text(`${this.title.value}`)
Button(`Click to change title`).onClick(() => {
// @State变量的更新将触发上面的Text组件内容更新
this.title.value = this.title.value === 'Hello ArkUI' ? 'Hello World' : 'Hello ArkUI';
})
Button(`Click to increase count=${this.count}`).onClick(() => {
// @State变量的更新将触发该Button组件的内容更新
this.count += this.increaseBy;
})
}
}
}
🌈1.2.1.2 @Prop 父子单向同步
@Prop变量装饰器只支持string、number、boolean、enum类型,以及这些类型的数组。不支持复杂类型(比如any类型)
父子组件初始化和传递装饰图如下:
1.2.1.2.1 变化规则
1、简单类型
// 简单类型
@Prop count: number;
// 赋值的变化可以被观察到
this.count = 1;
对于@State和@Prop的同步场景:
-
使用父组件中@State变量的值初始化子组件中的@Prop变量。当@State变量变化时,该变量值也会同步更新至@Prop变量。
-
@Prop装饰的变量的修改不会影响其数据源@State装饰变量的值。
-
除了@State,数据源也可以用@Link或@Prop装饰,对@Prop的同步机制是相同的。
-
数据源和@Prop变量的类型需要相同。
🍬1.2.1.2.2 使用场景
1、父组件@State到子组件@Prop简单数据类型同步
@Component
struct CountDownComponent {
@Prop count: number;
costOfOneAttempt: number = 1;
build() {
Column() {
if (this.count > 0) {
Text(`You have ${this.count} Nuggets left`)
} else {
Text('Game over!')
}
// @Prop装饰的变量不会同步给父组件
Button(`Try again`).onClick(() => {
this.count -= this.costOfOneAttempt;
})
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct ParentComponent {
@State countDownStartValue: number = 10;
build() {
Column() {
Text(`Grant ${this.countDownStartValue} nuggets to play.`)
// 父组件的数据源的修改会同步给子组件
Button(`+1 - Nuggets in New Game`).onClick(() => {
this.countDownStartValue += 1;
})
// 父组件的修改会同步给子组件
Button(`-1 - Nuggets in New Game`).onClick(() => {
this.countDownStartValue -= 1;
})
CountDownComponent({ count: this.countDownStartValue, costOfOneAttempt: 2 })
}
}
}
2、父组件@State数组项到子组件@Prop简单数据类型同步
@Component
struct Child {
@Prop value: number;
build() {
Text(`${this.value}`)
.fontSize(50)
.onClick(()=>{this.value++})
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
@State arr: number[] = [1,2,3];
build() {
Row() {
Column() {
Child({value: this.arr[0]})
Child({value: this.arr[1]})
Child({value: this.arr[2]})
Divider().height(5)
ForEach(this.arr,
item => {
Child({value: item})
},
item => item.toString()
)
Text('replace entire arr')
.fontSize(50)
.onClick(()=>{
// 两个数组都包含项“3”。
this.arr = this.arr[0] == 1 ? [3,4,5] : [1,2,3];
})
}
}
}
}
3、从父组件中的@State类对象属性到@Prop简单类型的同步
class Book {
public title: string;
public pages: number;
public readIt: boolean = false;
constructor(title: string, pages: number) {
this.title = title;
this.pages = pages;
}
}
@Component
struct ReaderComp {
@Prop title: string;
@Prop readIt: boolean;
build() {
Row() {
Text(this.title)
Text(`... ${this.readIt ? 'I have read' : 'I have not read it'}`)
.onClick(() => this.readIt = true)
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Library {
@State book: Book = new Book('100 secrets of C++', 765);
build() {
Column() {
ReaderComp({ title: this.book.title, readIt: this.book.readIt })
ReaderComp({ title: this.book.title, readIt: this.book.readIt })
}
}
}
4、@Prop本地初始化不和父组件同步
@Component
struct MyComponent {
@Prop customCounter: number;
@Prop customCounter2: number = 5;
build() {
Column() {
Row() {
Text(`From Main: ${this.customCounter}`).width(90).height(40).fontColor('#FF0010')
}
Row() {
Button('Click to change locally !').width(180).height(60).margin({ top: 10 })
.onClick(() => {
this.customCounter2++
})
}.height(100).width(180)
Row() {
Text(`Custom Local: ${this.customCounter2}`).width(90).height(40).fontColor('#FF0010')
}
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct MainProgram {
@State mainCounter: number = 10;
build() {
Column() {
Row() {
Column() {
Button('Click to change number').width(480).height(60).margin({ top: 10, bottom: 10 })
.onClick(() => {
this.mainCounter++
})
}
}
Row() {
Column()
// customCounter必须从父组件初始化,因为MyComponent的customCounter成员变量缺少本地初始化;此处,customCounter2可以不做初始化。
MyComponent({ customCounter: this.mainCounter })
// customCounter2也可以从父组件初始化,父组件初始化的值会覆盖子组件customCounter2的本地初始化的值
MyComponent({ customCounter: this.mainCounter, customCounter2: this.mainCounter })
}
}
}
}
🌈1.2.1.3 @Link 父子双向同步
父组件中@State, @StorageLink和@Link 和子组件@Link可以建立双向数据同步。
@Link 变量装饰器只支持string、number、boolean、enum类型,以及这些类型的数组。不支持复杂类型(比如any类型)
父子组件初始化和传递装饰图如下:
🍬1.2.1.3.1 变化规则
-
当装饰的数据类型为boolean、string、number类型时,可以同步观察到数值的变化。
-
当装饰的数据类型为class或者Object时,可以观察到赋值和属性赋值的变化,即Object.keys(observedObject)返回的所有属性。
-
当装饰的对象是array时,可以观察到数组添加、删除、更新数组单元的变化。
🍬1.2.1.3.2 使用场景
1、简单类型和类对象类型的@Link
class GreenButtonState {
width: number = 0;
constructor(width: number) {
this.width = width;
}
}
@Component
struct GreenButton {
@Link greenButtonState: GreenButtonState;
build() {
Button('Green Button')
.width(this.greenButtonState.width)
.height(150.0)
.backgroundColor('#00ff00')
.onClick(() => {
if (this.greenButtonState.width < 700) {
// 更新class的属性,变化可以被观察到同步回父组件
this.greenButtonState.width += 125;
} else {
// 更新class,变化可以被观察到同步回父组件
this.greenButtonState = new GreenButtonState(100);
}
})
}
}
@Component
struct YellowButton {
@Link yellowButtonState: number;
build() {
Button('Yellow Button')
.width(this.yellowButtonState)
.height(150.0)
.backgroundColor('#ffff00')
.onClick(() => {
// 子组件的简单类型可以同步回父组件
this.yellowButtonState += 50.0;
})
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct ShufflingContainer {
@State greenButtonState: GreenButtonState = new GreenButtonState(300);
@State yellowButtonProp: number = 100;
build() {
Column() {
// 简单类型从父组件@State向子组件@Link数据同步
Button('Parent View: Set yellowButton')
.onClick(() => {
this.yellowButtonProp = (this.yellowButtonProp < 700) ? this.yellowButtonProp + 100 : 100;
})
// class类型从父组件@State向子组件@Link数据同步
Button('Parent View: Set GreenButton')
.onClick(() => {
this.greenButtonState.width = (this.greenButtonState.width < 700) ? this.greenButtonState.width + 100 : 100;
})
// class类型初始化@Link
GreenButton({ greenButtonState: $greenButtonState })
// 简单类型初始化@Link
YellowButton({ yellowButtonState: $yellowButtonProp })
}
}
}
2、数组类型的@Link
@Component
struct Child {
@Link items: number[];
build() {
Column() {
Button(`Button1: push`).onClick(() => {
this.items.push(this.items.length + 1);
})
Button(`Button2: replace whole item`).onClick(() => {
this.items = [100, 200, 300];
})
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Parent {
@State arr: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
build() {
Column() {
Child({ items: $arr })
ForEach(this.arr,
item => {
Text(`${item}`)
},
item => item.toString()
)
}
}
}
🌈1.2.1.4 @Provide/@Consume 与后代组件双向同步
@Prop变量装饰器只支持string、number、boolean、enum类型,以及这些类型的数组。不支持复杂类型(比如any类型)
父子组件初始化和传递装饰图如下:
🍬1.2.1.4.1 变化规则
-
当装饰的数据类型为boolean、string、number类型时,可以观察到数值的变化。
-
当装饰的数据类型为class或者Object的时候,可以观察到赋值和属性赋值的变化(属性为Object.keys(observedObject)返回的所有属性)。
-
当装饰的对象是array的时候,可以观察到数组的添加、删除、更新数组单元。
🍬1.2.1.4.2 使用场景
@Component
struct CompD {
// @Consume装饰的变量通过相同的属性名绑定其祖先组件CompA内的@Provide装饰的变量
@Consume reviewVotes: number;
build() {
Column() {
Text(`reviewVotes(${this.reviewVotes})`)
Button(`reviewVotes(${this.reviewVotes}), give +1`)
.onClick(() => this.reviewVotes += 1)
}
.width('50%')
}
}
@Component
struct CompC {
build() {
Row({ space: 5 }) {
CompD()
CompD()
}
}
}
@Component
struct CompB {
build() {
CompC()
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct CompA {
// @Provide装饰的变量reviewVotes由入口组件CompA提供其后代组件
@Provide reviewVotes: number = 0;
build() {
Column() {
Button(`reviewVotes(${this.reviewVotes}), give +1`)
.onClick(() => this.reviewVotes += 1)
CompB()
}
}
}
🌈1.2.1.5 @Observed/@ObjectLink 嵌套类对象属性变化
类型必须是@Observed装饰的class,可用于初始化常规变量、@State、@Link、@Prop、@Provide
嵌套类对象装饰图如下:
🍬1.2.1.5.1 变化规则
class ClassA {
public c: number;
constructor(c: number) {
this.c = c;
}
}
@Observed
class ClassB {
public a: ClassA;
public b: number;
constructor(a: ClassA, b: number) {
this.a = a;
this.b = b;
}
}
@ObjectLink b: ClassB
// 赋值变化可以被观察到
this.b.a = new ClassA(5)
this.b.b = 5
// ClassA没有被@Observed装饰,其属性的变化观察不到
this.b.a.c = 5
🍬1.2.1.5.2 使用场景
1、嵌套对象
// objectLinkNestedObjects.ets
let NextID: number = 1;
@Observed
class ClassA {
public id: number;
public c: number;
constructor(c: number) {
this.id = NextID++;
this.c = c;
}
}
@Observed
class ClassB {
public a: ClassA;
constructor(a: ClassA) {
this.a = a;
}
}
@Component
struct ViewA {
label: string = 'ViewA1';
@ObjectLink a: ClassA;
build() {
Row() {
Button(`ViewA [${this.label}] this.a.c=${this.a.c} +1`)
.onClick(() => {
this.a.c += 1;
})
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct ViewB {
@State b: ClassB = new ClassB(new ClassA(0));
build() {
Column() {
ViewA({ label: 'ViewA #1', a: this.b.a })
ViewA({ label: 'ViewA #2', a: this.b.a })
Button(`ViewB: this.b.a.c+= 1`)
.onClick(() => {
this.b.a.c += 1;
})
Button(`ViewB: this.b.a = new ClassA(0)`)
.onClick(() => {
this.b.a = new ClassA(0);
})
Button(`ViewB: this.b = new ClassB(ClassA(0))`)
.onClick(() => {
this.b = new ClassB(new ClassA(0));
})
}
}
}
2、对象数组
@Component
struct ViewA {
// 子组件ViewA的@ObjectLink的类型是ClassA
@ObjectLink a: ClassA;
label: string = 'ViewA1';
build() {
Row() {
Button(`ViewA [${this.label}] this.a.c = ${this.a.c} +1`)
.onClick(() => {
this.a.c += 1;
})
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct ViewB {
// ViewB中有@State装饰的ClassA[]
@State arrA: ClassA[] = [new ClassA(0), new ClassA(0)];
build() {
Column() {
ForEach(this.arrA,
(item) => {
ViewA({ label: `#${item.id}`, a: item })
},
(item) => item.id.toString()
)
// 使用@State装饰的数组的数组项初始化@ObjectLink,其中数组项是被@Observed装饰的ClassA的实例
ViewA({ label: `ViewA this.arrA[first]`, a: this.arrA[0] })
ViewA({ label: `ViewA this.arrA[last]`, a: this.arrA[this.arrA.length-1] })
Button(`ViewB: reset array`)
.onClick(() => {
this.arrA = [new ClassA(0), new ClassA(0)];
})
Button(`ViewB: push`)
.onClick(() => {
this.arrA.push(new ClassA(0))
})
Button(`ViewB: shift`)
.onClick(() => {
this.arrA.shift()
})
Button(`ViewB: chg item property in middle`)
.onClick(() => {
this.arrA[Math.floor(this.arrA.length / 2)].c = 10;
})
Button(`ViewB: chg item property in middle`)
.onClick(() => {
this.arrA[Math.floor(this.arrA.length / 2)] = new ClassA(11);
})
}
}
}
3、二维数组
@Observed
class StringArray extends Array<String> {
}
@Observed
class StringArray extends Array<String> {
}
@Component
struct ItemPage {
@ObjectLink itemArr: StringArray;
build() {
Row() {
Text('ItemPage')
.width(100).height(100)
ForEach(this.itemArr,
item => {
Text(item)
.width(100).height(100)
},
item => item
)
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct IndexPage {
@State arr: Array<StringArray> = [new StringArray(), new StringArray(), new StringArray()];
build() {
Column() {
ItemPage({ itemArr: this.arr[0] })
ItemPage({ itemArr: this.arr[1] })
ItemPage({ itemArr: this.arr[2] })
Divider()
ForEach(this.arr,
itemArr => {
ItemPage({ itemArr: itemArr })
},
itemArr => itemArr[0]
)
Divider()
Button('update')
.onClick(() => {
console.error('Update all items in arr');
if (this.arr[0][0] !== undefined) {
// 正常情况下需要有一个真实的ID来与ForEach一起使用,但此处没有
// 因此需要确保推送的字符串是唯一的。
this.arr[0].push(`${this.arr[0].slice(-1).pop()}${this.arr[0].slice(-1).pop()}`);
this.arr[1].push(`${this.arr[1].slice(-1).pop()}${this.arr[1].slice(-1).pop()}`);
this.arr[2].push(`${this.arr[2].slice(-1).pop()}${this.arr[2].slice(-1).pop()}`);
} else {
this.arr[0].push('Hello');
this.arr[1].push('World');
this.arr[2].push('!');
}
})
}
}
}
☀️1.2.2 管理应用拥有的状态
🌈1.2.2.1 LocalStorage:页面级UI状态存储
🍬1.2.2.1.1 变化规则
-
当@LocalStorageLink(key)装饰的数值改变被观察到时,修改将被同步回LocalStorage对应属性键值key的属性中。
-
LocalStorage中属性键值key对应的数据一旦改变,属性键值key绑定的所有的数据(包括双向@LocalStorageLink和单向@LocalStorageProp)都将同步修改;
-
当@LocalStorageLink(key)装饰的数据本身是状态变量,它的改变不仅仅会同步回LocalStorage中,还会引起所属的自定义组件的重新渲染。
🍬1.2.2.1.2 使用场景
1、应用逻辑使用LocalStorage
let storage = new LocalStorage({ 'PropA': 47 }); // 创建新实例并使用给定对象初始化
let propA = storage.get('PropA') // propA == 47
let link1 = storage.link('PropA'); // link1.get() == 47
let link2 = storage.link('PropA'); // link2.get() == 47
let prop = storage.prop('PropA'); // prop.get() = 47
link1.set(48); // two-way sync: link1.get() == link2.get() == prop.get() == 48
prop.set(1); // one-way sync: prop.get()=1; but link1.get() == link2.get() == 48
link1.set(49); // two-way sync: link1.get() == link2.get() == prop.get() == 49
2、从UI内部使用LocalStorage
// 创建新实例并使用给定对象初始化
let storage = new LocalStorage({ 'PropA': 47 });
@Component
struct Child {
// @LocalStorageLink变量装饰器与LocalStorage中的'PropA'属性建立双向绑定
@LocalStorageLink('PropA') storLink2: number = 1;
build() {
Button(`Child from LocalStorage ${this.storLink2}`)
// 更改将同步至LocalStorage中的'PropA'以及Parent.storLink1
.onClick(() => this.storLink2 += 1)
}
}
// 使LocalStorage可从@Component组件访问
@Entry(storage)
@Component
struct CompA {
// @LocalStorageLink变量装饰器与LocalStorage中的'PropA'属性建立双向绑定
@LocalStorageLink('PropA') storLink1: number = 1;
build() {
Column({ space: 15 }) {
Button(`Parent from LocalStorage ${this.storLink1}`) // initial value from LocalStorage will be 47, because 'PropA' initialized already
.onClick(() => this.storLink1 += 1)
// @Component子组件自动获得对CompA LocalStorage实例的访问权限。
Child()
}
}
}
3、@LocalStorageProp和LocalStorage单向同步的简单场景
// 创建新实例并使用给定对象初始化
let storage = new LocalStorage({ 'PropA': 47 });
// 使LocalStorage可从@Component组件访问
@Entry(storage)
@Component
struct CompA {
// @LocalStorageProp变量装饰器与LocalStorage中的'PropA'属性建立单向绑定
@LocalStorageProp('PropA') storProp1: number = 1;
build() {
Column({ space: 15 }) {
// 点击后从47开始加1,只改变当前组件显示的storProp1,不会同步到LocalStorage中
Button(`Parent from LocalStorage ${this.storProp1}`)
.onClick(() => this.storProp1 += 1)
Child()
}
}
}
@Component
struct Child {
// @LocalStorageProp变量装饰器与LocalStorage中的'PropA'属性建立单向绑定
@LocalStorageProp('PropA') storProp2: number = 2;
build() {
Column({ space: 15 }) {
// 当CompA改变时,当前storProp2不会改变,显示47
Text(`Parent from LocalStorage ${this.storProp2}`)
}
}
}
4、@LocalStorageLink和LocalStorage双向同步的简单场景
// 构造LocalStorage实例
let storage = new LocalStorage({ 'PropA': 47 });
// 调用link9+接口构造'PropA'的双向同步数据,linkToPropA 是全局变量
let linkToPropA = storage.link('PropA');
@Entry(storage)
@Component
struct CompA {
// @LocalStorageLink('PropA')在CompA自定义组件中创建'PropA'的双向同步数据,初始值为47,因为在构造LocalStorage已经给“PropA”设置47
@LocalStorageLink('PropA') storLink: number = 1;
build() {
Column() {
Text(`incr @LocalStorageLink variable`)
// 点击“incr @LocalStorageLink variable”,this.storLink加1,改变同步回storage,全局变量linkToPropA也会同步改变
.onClick(() => this.storLink += 1)
// 并不建议在组件内使用全局变量linkToPropA.get(),因为可能会有生命周期不同引起的错误。
Text(`@LocalStorageLink: ${this.storLink} - linkToPropA: ${linkToPropA.get()}`)
}
}
}
5、兄弟节点之间同步状态变量
let storage = new LocalStorage({ countStorage: 1 });
@Component
struct Child {
// 子组件实例的名字
label: string = 'no name';
// 和LocalStorage中“countStorage”的双向绑定数据
@LocalStorageLink('countStorage') playCountLink: number = 0;
build() {
Row() {
Text(this.label)
.width(50).height(60).fontSize(12)
Text(`playCountLink ${this.playCountLink}: inc by 1`)
.onClick(() => {
this.playCountLink += 1;
})
.width(200).height(60).fontSize(12)
}.width(300).height(60)
}
}
@Entry(storage)
@Component
struct Parent {
@LocalStorageLink('countStorage') playCount: number = 0;
build() {
Column() {
Row() {
Text('Parent')
.width(50).height(60).fontSize(12)
Text(`playCount ${this.playCount} dec by 1`)
.onClick(() => {
this.playCount -= 1;
})
.width(250).height(60).fontSize(12)
}.width(300).height(60)
Row() {
Text('LocalStorage')
.width(50).height(60).fontSize(12)
Text(`countStorage ${this.playCount} incr by 1`)
.onClick(() => {
storage.set<number>('countStorage', 1 + storage.get<number>('countStorage'));
})
.width(250).height(60).fontSize(12)
}.width(300).height(60)
Child({ label: 'ChildA' })
Child({ label: 'ChildB' })
Text(`playCount in LocalStorage for debug ${storage.get<number>('countStorage')}`)
.width(300).height(60).fontSize(12)
}
}
}
6、将LocalStorage实例从UIAbility共享到一个或多个视图
// EntryAbility.ts
import UIAbility from '@ohos.app.ability.UIAbility';
import window from '@ohos.window';
let para:Record<string,number> = { 'PropA': 47 };
let localStorage: LocalStorage = new LocalStorage(para);
export default class EntryAbility extends UIAbility {
storage: LocalStorage = localStorage
onWindowStageCreate(windowStage: window.WindowStage) {
windowStage.loadContent('pages/Index', this.storage);
}
}
// 通过GetShared接口获取stage共享的LocalStorage实例
let storage = LocalStorage.GetShared()
@Entry(storage)
@Component
struct CompA {
// can access LocalStorage instance using
// @LocalStorageLink/Prop decorated variables
@LocalStorageLink('PropA') varA: number = 1;
build() {
Column() {
Text(`${this.varA}`).fontSize(50)
}
}
}
🌈1.2.2.2 AppStorage:AppStorage
🍬1.2.2.2.1 变化规则
和前面一样传递的参数变成@StorageProp和@StorageLink
- 当装饰的数据类型为boolean、string、number类型时,可以观察到数值的变化。
- 当装饰的数据类型为class或者Object时,可以观察到赋值和属性赋值的变化,即Object.keys(observedObject)返回的所有属性。
- 当装饰的对象是array时,可以观察到数组添加、删除、更新数组单元的变化。
🍬1.2.2.2.2 使用场景
1、从应用逻辑使用AppStorage和LocalStorage
AppStorage.SetOrCreate('PropA', 47);
let storage: LocalStorage = new LocalStorage({ 'PropA': 17 });
let propA: number = AppStorage.Get('PropA') // propA in AppStorage == 47, propA in LocalStorage == 17
var link1: SubscribedAbstractProperty<number> = AppStorage.Link('PropA'); // link1.get() == 47
var link2: SubscribedAbstractProperty<number> = AppStorage.Link('PropA'); // link2.get() == 47
var prop: SubscribedAbstractProperty<number> = AppStorage.Prop('PropA'); // prop.get() == 47
link1.set(48); // two-way sync: link1.get() == link2.get() == prop.get() == 48
prop.set(1); // one-way sync: prop.get() == 1; but link1.get() == link2.get() == 48
link1.set(49); // two-way sync: link1.get() == link2.get() == prop.get() == 49
storage.get('PropA') // == 17
storage.set('PropA', 101);
storage.get('PropA') // == 101
AppStorage.Get('PropA') // == 49
link1.get() // == 49
link2.get() // == 49
prop.get() // == 49
2、从UI内部使用AppStorage和LocalStorage
AppStorage.SetOrCreate('PropA', 47);
let storage = new LocalStorage({ 'PropA': 48 });
@Entry(storage)
@Component
struct CompA {
@StorageLink('PropA') storLink: number = 1;
@LocalStorageLink('PropA') localStorLink: number = 1;
build() {
Column({ space: 20 }) {
Text(`From AppStorage ${this.storLink}`)
.onClick(() => this.storLink += 1)
Text(`From LocalStorage ${this.localStorLink}`)
.onClick(() => this.localStorLink += 1)
}
}
}
3、不建议借助@StorageLink的双向同步机制实现事件通知
// xxx.ets
class ViewData {
title: string;
uri: Resource;
color: Color = Color.Black;
constructor(title: string, uri: Resource) {
this.title = title;
this.uri = uri
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Gallery2 {
dataList: Array<ViewData> = [new ViewData('flower', $r('app.media.icon')), new ViewData('OMG', $r('app.media.icon')), new ViewData('OMG', $r('app.media.icon'))]
scroller: Scroller = new Scroller()
build() {
Column() {
Grid(this.scroller) {
ForEach(this.dataList, (item: ViewData, index?: number) => {
GridItem() {
TapImage({
uri: item.uri,
index: index
})
}.aspectRatio(1)
}, (item: ViewData, index?: number) => {
return JSON.stringify(item) + index;
})
}.columnsTemplate('1fr 1fr')
}
}
}
@Component
export struct TapImage {
@StorageLink('tapIndex') @Watch('onTapIndexChange') tapIndex: number = -1;
@State tapColor: Color = Color.Black;
private index: number = 0;
private uri: Resource = {
id: 0,
type: 0,
moduleName: "",
bundleName: ""
};
// 判断是否被选中
onTapIndexChange() {
if (this.tapIndex >= 0 && this.index === this.tapIndex) {
console.info(`tapindex: ${this.tapIndex}, index: ${this.index}, red`)
this.tapColor = Color.Red;
} else {
console.info(`tapindex: ${this.tapIndex}, index: ${this.index}, black`)
this.tapColor = Color.Black;
}
}
build() {
Column() {
Image(this.uri)
.objectFit(ImageFit.Cover)
.onClick(() => {
this.tapIndex = this.index;
})
.border({ width: 5, style: BorderStyle.Dotted, color: this.tapColor })
}
}
}
// xxx.ets
import emitter from '@ohos.events.emitter';
let NextID: number = 0;
class ViewData {
title: string;
uri: Resource;
color: Color = Color.Black;
id: number;
constructor(title: string, uri: Resource) {
this.title = title;
this.uri = uri
this.id = NextID++;
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Gallery2 {
dataList: Array<ViewData> = [new ViewData('flower', $r('app.media.icon')), new ViewData('OMG', $r('app.media.icon')), new ViewData('OMG', $r('app.media.icon'))]
scroller: Scroller = new Scroller()
private preIndex: number = -1
build() {
Column() {
Grid(this.scroller) {
ForEach(this.dataList, (item: ViewData) => {
GridItem() {
TapImage({
uri: item.uri,
index: item.id
})
}.aspectRatio(1)
.onClick(() => {
if (this.preIndex === item.id) {
return
}
let innerEvent: emitter.InnerEvent = { eventId: item.id }
// 选中态:黑变红
let eventData: emitter.EventData = {
data: {
"colorTag": 1
}
}
emitter.emit(innerEvent, eventData)
if (this.preIndex != -1) {
console.info(`preIndex: ${this.preIndex}, index: ${item.id}, black`)
let innerEvent: emitter.InnerEvent = { eventId: this.preIndex }
// 取消选中态:红变黑
let eventData: emitter.EventData = {
data: {
"colorTag": 0
}
}
emitter.emit(innerEvent, eventData)
}
this.preIndex = item.id
})
}, (item: ViewData) => JSON.stringify(item))
}.columnsTemplate('1fr 1fr')
}
}
}
@Component
export struct TapImage {
@State tapColor: Color = Color.Black;
private index: number = 0;
private uri: Resource = {
id: 0,
type: 0,
moduleName: "",
bundleName: ""
};
onTapIndexChange(colorTag: emitter.EventData) {
if (colorTag.data != null) {
this.tapColor = colorTag.data.colorTag ? Color.Red : Color.Black
}
}
aboutToAppear() {
//定义事件ID
let innerEvent: emitter.InnerEvent = { eventId: this.index }
emitter.on(innerEvent, data => {
this.onTapIndexChange(data)
})
}
build() {
Column() {
Image(this.uri)
.objectFit(ImageFit.Cover)
.border({ width: 5, style: BorderStyle.Dotted, color: this.tapColor })
}
}
}
以上通知事件逻辑简化成三元表达式
// xxx.ets
class ViewData {
title: string;
uri: Resource;
color: Color = Color.Black;
constructor(title: string, uri: Resource) {
this.title = title;
this.uri = uri
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Gallery2 {
dataList: Array<ViewData> = [new ViewData('flower', $r('app.media.icon')), new ViewData('OMG', $r('app.media.icon')), new ViewData('OMG', $r('app.media.icon'))]
scroller: Scroller = new Scroller()
build() {
Column() {
Grid(this.scroller) {
ForEach(this.dataList, (item: ViewData, index?: number) => {
GridItem() {
TapImage({
uri: item.uri,
index: index
})
}.aspectRatio(1)
}, (item: ViewData, index?: number) => {
return JSON.stringify(item) + index;
})
}.columnsTemplate('1fr 1fr')
}
}
}
@Component
export struct TapImage {
@StorageLink('tapIndex') tapIndex: number = -1;
@State tapColor: Color = Color.Black;
private index: number = 0;
private uri: Resource = {
id: 0,
type: 0,
moduleName: "",
bundleName: ""
};
build() {
Column() {
Image(this.uri)
.objectFit(ImageFit.Cover)
.onClick(() => {
this.tapIndex = this.index;
})
.border({
width: 5,
style: BorderStyle.Dotted,
color: (this.tapIndex >= 0 && this.index === this.tapIndex) ? Color.Red : Color.Black
})
}
}
}
AppStorage与PersistentStorage以及Environment配合使用时,需要注意以下几点:
-
在AppStorage中创建属性后,调用PersistentStorage.persistProp()接口时,会使用在AppStorage中已经存在的值,并覆盖PersistentStorage中的同名属性,所以建议要使用相反的调用顺序,反例可见在PersistentStorage之前访问AppStorage中的属性;
-
如果在AppStorage中已经创建属性后,再调用Environment.envProp()创建同名的属性,会调用失败。因为AppStorage已经有同名属性,Environment环境变量不会再写入AppStorage中,所以建议AppStorage中属性不要使用Environment预置环境变量名。
-
状态装饰器装饰的变量,改变会引起UI的渲染更新,如果改变的变量不是用于UI更新,只是用于消息传递,推荐使用 emitter方式。例子可见不建议借助@StorageLink的双向同步机制实现事件通知。
🌈1.2.2.3 PersistentStorage:持久化存储UI状态
🍬1.2.2.3.1 变化规则
类似AppStorage,流程图如下:
🍬1.2.2.3.2 使用场景
PersistentStorage.PersistProp('aProp', 47);
@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
@State message: string = 'Hello World'
@StorageLink('aProp') aProp: number = 48
build() {
Row() {
Column() {
Text(this.message)
// 应用退出时会保存当前结果。重新启动后,会显示上一次的保存结果
Text(`${this.aProp}`)
.onClick(() => {
this.aProp += 1;
})
}
}
}
}
🌈1.2.2.4 Environment:设备环境查询
Environment是ArkUI框架在应用程序启动时创建的单例对象。它为AppStorage提供了一系列描述应用程序运行状态的属性。Environment的所有属性都是不可变的(即应用不可写入),所有的属性都是简单类型。
🍬1.2.2.4.1 变化规则
不可读写
🍬1.2.2.4.2 使用场景
1、从UI中访问Environment参数
// 将设备languageCode存入AppStorage中
Environment.EnvProp('languageCode', 'en');
let enable = AppStorage.Get('languageCode');
@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
@StorageProp('languageCode') languageCode: string = 'en';
build() {
Row() {
Column() {
// 输出当前设备的languageCode
Text(this.languageCode)
}
}
}
}
2、应用逻辑使用Environment
// 使用Environment.EnvProp将设备运行languageCode存入AppStorage中;
Environment.EnvProp('languageCode', 'en');
// 从AppStorage获取单向绑定的languageCode的变量
const lang: SubscribedAbstractProperty<string> = AppStorage.Prop('languageCode');
if (lang.get() === 'zh') {
console.info('你好');
} else {
console.info('Hello!');
}
☀️1.2.3 其他状态管理功能
- @Watch:用于监听状态变量的变化。
运算符:给内置组件提供TS变量的引用,使得TS变量和内置组件的内部状态保持同步。
🌈1.2.2.1 使用场景
1、@Watch和自定义组件更新
clike @Component struct TotalView { @Prop @Watch('onCountUpdated') count: number; @State total: number = 0; // @Watch cb onCountUpdated(propName: string): void { this.total += this.count; } build() { Text(`Total: ${this.total}`) } } @Entry @Component struct CountModifier { @State count: number = 0; build() { Column() { Button('add to basket') .onClick(() => { this.count++ }) TotalView({ count: this.count }) } } }
2、@Watch与@Link组合使用
clike class PurchaseItem { static NextId: number = 0; public id: number; public price: number; constructor(price: number) { this.id = PurchaseItem.NextId++; this.price = price; } } @Component struct BasketViewer { @Link @Watch('onBasketUpdated') shopBasket: PurchaseItem[]; @State totalPurchase: number = 0; updateTotal(): number { let total = this.shopBasket.reduce((sum, i) => sum + i.price, 0); // 超过100欧元可享受折扣 if (total >= 100) { total = 0.9 * total; } return total; } // @Watch 回调 onBasketUpdated(propName: string): void { this.totalPurchase = this.updateTotal(); } build() { Column() { ForEach(this.shopBasket, (item) => { Text(`Price: ${item.price.toFixed(2)} €`) }, item => item.id.toString() ) Text(`Total: ${this.totalPurchase.toFixed(2)} €`) } } } @Entry @Component struct BasketModifier { @State shopBasket: PurchaseItem[] = []; build() { Column() { Button('Add to basket') .onClick(() => { this.shopBasket.push(new PurchaseItem(Math.round(100 * Math.random()))) }) BasketViewer({ shopBasket: $shopBasket }) } } }
🌈1.2.2.2 $$语法:
内置组件双向同步
clike // xxx.ets @Entry @Component struct RefreshExample { @State isRefreshing: boolean = false @State counter: number = 0 build() { Column() { Text('Pull Down and isRefreshing: ' + this.isRefreshing) .fontSize(30) .margin(10) Refresh({ refreshing: $$this.isRefreshing, offset: 120, friction: 100 }) { Text('Pull Down and refresh: ' + this.counter) .fontSize(30) .margin(10) } .onStateChange((refreshStatus: RefreshStatus) => { console.info('Refresh onStatueChange state is ' + refreshStatus) }) } } }