requests
Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的,采用的是Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库。因为urllib存在着诸多的不便,而requests的出现能够帮助解决大量的难题。
请求
以get请求为例,一般请求格式为:
import requests import json response=requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response.text)) print(response.json()) print(type(response.json())) print(json.loads(response.text)) print(response.text) print(response.content)#结果是bytes类型 print(response.content.decode("utf-8"))#转码后以正常的utf-8格式显示
注意:在上面的例子中使用response.text和response.content均打印出了网页的源代码,但是response.content却是以bytes类型显示。此时可以使用decode进行转码即可。
一般当请求发出后,Requests 会基于 HTTP 头部对响应的编码作出有根据的推测。当你访问 response.text 之时,Requests 会使用其推测的文本编码。
主要请求方式
import requests url="http://httpbin.org/get" response1=requests.get(url)#请求指定的页面信息,并返回实体主体。 response2=requests.post(url) response3=requests.put(url) response4=requests.delete(url) response5=requests.head(url) response6=requests.options(url)
不同请求方式的区别:
GET: 请求指定的页面信息,并返回实体主体。
HEAD: 只请求页面的首部。
POST: 请求服务器接受所指定的文档作为对所标识的URI的新的从属实体。
PUT: 从客户端向服务器传送的数据取代指定的文档的内容。
DELETE: 请求服务器删除指定的页面。
get 和 post比较常见 GET请求将提交的数据放置在HTTP请求协议头中
POST提交的数据则放在实体数据中
基本的get请求
import requests url="http://httpbin.org/get" response1=requests.get(url)
带参数的GET请求
import requests url="http://httpbin.org/get?name=df&age=15" response=requests.get(url) print(response.text)
或是这样
import requests data={ "name":"df", "age":15 } url="http://httpbin.org/get" response=requests.get(url,params=data) print(response.text)
基本的POST 请求
import requests data={ "name":"df", "age":15 } response=requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=data)#注意这里一定是"http://httpbin.org/post"而非"http://httpbin.org/get" print(response.text)
状态码判断
requests访问后,根据response.status_code能够判断访问的状态,主要状态码以及其含义如下:
100: ('continue',), 101: ('switching_protocols',), 102: ('processing',), 103: ('checkpoint',), 122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'), 200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'), 201: ('created',), 202: ('accepted',), 203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'), 204: ('no_content',), 205: ('reset_content', 'reset'), 206: ('partial_content', 'partial'), 207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'), 208: ('already_reported',), 226: ('im_used',), # Redirection. 300: ('multiple_choices',), 301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\'), 302: ('found',), 303: ('see_other', 'other'), 304: ('not_modified',), 305: ('use_proxy',), 306: ('switch_proxy',), 307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'), 308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0 # Client Error. 400: ('bad_request', 'bad'), 401: ('unauthorized',), 402: ('payment_required', 'payment'), 403: ('forbidden',), 404: ('not_found', '-'), 405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'), 406: ('not_acceptable',), 407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'), 408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'), 409: ('conflict',), 410: ('gone',), 411: ('length_required',), 412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'), 413: ('request_entity_too_large',), 414: ('request_uri_too_large',), 415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'), 416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'), 417: ('expectation_failed',), 418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'), 421: ('misdirected_request',), 422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'), 423: ('locked',), 424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'), 425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'), 426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'), 428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'), 429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'), 431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'), 444: ('no_response', 'none'), 449: ('retry_with', 'retry'), 450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'), 451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'), 499: ('client_closed_request',), # Server Error. 500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'), 501: ('not_implemented',), 502: ('bad_gateway',), 503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'), 504: ('gateway_timeout',), 505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'), 506: ('variant_also_negotiates',), 507: ('insufficient_storage',), 509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'), 510: ('not_extended',), 511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
requests高级用法
文件下载
下载图片
import requests # 图片地址 headers = { 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.121 Safari/537.36' } url = 'http://img.hb.aicdn.com/494d7bb95fd7338882b009beec454413f168726910c65-e7di7o_fw658' html = requests.get(url,headers=headers) with open("1.jpg","wb")as f: f.write(html.content)
注意这张图片可以下载下来,但是想下载妹子图上的图片却无法下载,这个暂时还没找到原因。
文件上传
import requests files={"files":open("timg.jpg","rb")}#注意这里要和这个py文件在同一个文件夹内 response=requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",files=files) print(response.text) response.close()#因为在上传文件的过程中,可能是因为使用urlopen方法太过频繁,引起远程主机的怀疑,被网站认定为是攻击行为。导致urlopen()后,request.read()一直卡死在那里。最后抛出10054异常。所以必须加上这行代码
获取cookies
import requests response=requests.get("https://www.sogou.com/") print(response.cookies) for key,value in response.cookies.items(): print(key) print(key+"="+value)
异常处理
在http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#exceptions中详细列出了众多的exceptions,常用的主要有以下三种:
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException try: response=requests.get("https://www.sogou.com/") print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout: print("Timeout") except ConnectionError: print("Connection Error") except RequestException: print("Request Exception")