使用using清理非托管资源
我们都知道,垃圾回收可以分为Dispose和Finalize两类,关于这两者的区别已经太多了,一个是正常的垃圾回收GC所调用的方法,另外一个是终结器Finalizer,所调用的方法,在Effective C#一书中,有着明确的建议是说使用IDispose接口来代替Finalize。原因是因为Finalize终结会增加垃圾回收对象的代数,从而影响垃圾回收。
有了上述的原因,我们现在只来看使用IDispose接口的类。
在.NET中,绝大多数的类都是运行在托管的环境下,所以都由GC来负责回收,那么我们就不需要实现IDispose接口,而是由GC来自动负责。可是有一些类使用的是非托管资源,那么这个时候,我们就应该去实现IDispose接口,说个比较常用的SqlConnection之类。
写段常用的连接SQL语句的模型:
2 SqlConnection thisConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
3 thisConnection.Open();
4 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
5 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
6 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * from [User]";
7 thisCommand.ExecuteNonQuery();
8 thisConnection.Close();
其实,作为非托管资源,为了防止我们忘记调用Close,一般都实现了Finalize,因此,即使我们没有Close掉,也会由终结器将这块内存回收。但是,就增加了这块垃圾的代数。
假设说我们写了这样的代码:
2 SqlConnection thisConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
3 thisConnection.Open();
4 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
5 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
6 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * form [User]"; //SQL语句错误
7 thisCommand.ExecuteNonQuery();
8 thisConnection.Close();
这样的话,我们打开的SqlConnection就没有关闭,只能等待Finalize去关闭了。
这是非常不好的做法。于是,我们可以想到异常处理:
2 try
3 {
4 string connectionString = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["Study1ConnectionString1"].ConnectionString;
5 thisConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
6 thisConnection.Open();
7 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
8 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
9 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * form [User]";
10 thisCommand.ExecuteNonQuery();
11 }
12 finally
13 {
14 if (thisConnection != null)
15 {
16 thisConnection.Close();
17 }
18 }
这样做就不错了,但是代码看起来有些丑陋,可是使用using就让代码优雅了很多,这也是C#比JAVA棒很多的地方,呵呵!
2 using (SqlConnection thisConnection = new SqlConnection())
3 {
4 thisConnection.Open();
5 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
6 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
7 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * form [User]";
8 thisCommand.ExecuteNonQuery();
代码量是不是小了很多呢?优雅了许多呢!
其实,在IL的位置,代码仍然是一样的,他同样把代码给编译成了try-finally的处理形式!
接下来,再来看下我们常用的使用数据库的方式:
2 SqlConnection thisConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
3 thisConnection.Open();
4 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
5 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
6 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * from [User]";
7 SqlDataReader thisReader = thisCommand.ExecuteReader();
8 thisReader.Close();
9 thisConnection.Close();
还是上面的问题,我们考虑用using语句来将之代码重构:
2 using (SqlConnection thisConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString))
3 {
4 thisConnection.Open();
5 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
6 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
7 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * from [User]";
8 using (SqlDataReader reader = thisCommand.ExecuteReader())
9 {
10 while (reader.Read())
11 {
12 //操作
13 }
14 }
15 }
我先把这段代码翻译成我们熟悉的try-finally的处理形式:
2 try
3 {
4 string connectionString = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["Study1ConnectionString1"].ConnectionString;
5 thisConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
6 thisConnection.Open();
7 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
8 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
9 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * from [User]";
10 SqlDataReader reader = null;
11 try
12 {
13 reader = thisCommand.ExecuteReader();
14 while (reader.Read())
15 {
16 //操作
17 }
18 }
19 finally
20 {
21 reader.Close();
22 }
23 }
24 finally
25 {
26 thisConnection.Close();
27 }
更丑陋的代码吧!所以有个原则是:尽量避免using语句的嵌套。
怎么样解决呢?很容易,自己写我们的try-finally吧!
2 SqlDataReader reader = null;
3 try
4 {
5 string connectionString = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["Study1ConnectionString1"].ConnectionString;
6 thisConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
7 thisConnection.Open();
8 SqlCommand thisCommand = new SqlCommand();
9 thisCommand.Connection = thisConnection;
10 thisCommand.CommandText = "select * from [User]";
11 reader = thisCommand.ExecuteReader();
12 while (reader.Read())
13 {
14 //操作
15 }
16 }
17 finally
18 {
19 if (thisConnection != null)
20 {
21 thisConnection.Close();
22 }
23 if (reader != null)
24 {
25 reader.Close();
26 }
27
28 }
这样就好了!
关于using 的这节我就写到这,最后对全文做个总结,其实就是一句话:尽量使用using来进行非托管资源的资源回收。