hashmap的hash方法源doc解读

/**
     * Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
     * to lower.  Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
     * hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
     * always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
     * holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.)  So we
     * apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
     * downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
     * quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
     * are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
     * spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
     * collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
     * cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
     * to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
     * never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
     */
    static final int hash(Object key) {
        int h;
        return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
    }

上次在面试中被问及一个问题:如果直接拿key的内存地址的long值与table的长度做取余操作(%),有什么不好?

我做了一番研究。

first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]

首先,在计算一个key在table中的位置时,用的是table的长度减1,与hash值取位与的结果。而不是取余(%)操作。

如果一个table的长度为8,那么n=8 (1000),n-1=7 (111),如果hash是什么值,取and的结果一定是000 ~ 111 之间,即0-7,正好对应table的index的范围。

注释中写道,Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will always collide.

翻译过来就是:table的长度总是2的n次幂,如果一组hash值只是在(111....1111)之上的高位互相不同,那么它们与(n-1) 位与 的结果总会碰撞。

一句话概括就是,key只有与(n-1)低位为1的长度相同位参与了hash碰撞的计算,高位没有体现出来。

JDK作者的解决方案是:(h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16), JDK的doc中一开始说: spread higher bits of hash to lower

将高位的影响传播到低位,这样与(n-1)位与的计算,高低位就同时参与了。

我们都知道,一个int值是32位的,hash >>> 16 的含义就是右移16位,左边以0补齐。移位的结果是,低16位被抛弃,原高16位变成新低16位,新高16位用0补充。

0与0异或是0,0与1异或是1,即一个bit与0异或结果不变。 所以,hash xor (hash >>> 16) 的最终结果是:高16位不变,低16位与高16位异或。

如果 (n-1) 的二进制表示有16位,那么 n = 2的16次方 =  65536,hashmap的容量只要不大于65536,都是高低混合之16位在参与碰撞检测。

 

posted @ 2018-12-22 00:02  XIAOSHUA  阅读(459)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报