Python 在子类中调用父类方法详解(单继承、多层继承、多重继承)
Python 在子类中调用父类方法详解(单继承、多层继承、多重继承)
by:授客 QQ:1033553122
测试环境:
win7 64位
Python版本:Python 3.3.5
代码实践:
1、在子类中通过“类名”调用父类的方法
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
FatherA.__init__(self) # 在子类中调用父类的方法:父类名.方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassB()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
缺点:当一个子类的父类发生变化时(如类SubClassB的父类由FatherA变为FatherD时),必须遍历整个类定义,把子类中所有的父类类名全部替换过来
2、在子类中通过“super”方法调用父类的方法
场景1、单层继承
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
super().__init__() # 在子类中调用父类的方法:super().方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassB()
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
super(SubClassB, self).__init__() # 在子类中调用父类的方法:super(type, obj).方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassB()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in father class B
init action in father class A
说明:
1、super(type, obj),其中obj必须是type类型、type子类类型的实例,否则会报错:
TypeError: super(type, obj): obj must be an instance or subtype of type
2、super().__init__() 效果等同 super(SubClassB, self). __init__()
场景2、多层继承
实验1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
对比实验1-1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super(SubClassB, self).__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class A
>>>
对比实验1-2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super(FatherA, FatherA).__init__(self) # 在子类中调用父类的方法:super(type, type).方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
说明:可把 super(FatherA, FatherA).__init__(self) 换成:
super(FatherA, self).__init__()
或
super(FatherA, SubClassB).__init__(self)
或
super(FatherA, SubClassC).__init__(self)
注意:以上这种情况,必须给__init__传递参数self,否则会报错:
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
>>>
说明:super(type1, type2) ,type2必须和type1相同类型,或者其子类类型
实验2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().__init__()
class SubClassD(SubClassC):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass D')
super().__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassD()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass D
init action in subclass C
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
对比实验2-1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().__init__()
class SubClassD(SubClassC):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass D')
super(SubClassB, self).__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassD()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass D
init action in father class A
>>>
对比实验2-2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass B')
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().__init__()
class SubClassD(SubClassC):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass D')
super(SubClassC, self).__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassD()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass D
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
通过对比实验2-1, 2-2,可看出super(type[,type2_or_obj]),type决定了super调用方法所在的父类--type的父类(如果有的话),即type决定了前往哪个父类调用指定的方法
场景3、多重继承
实验1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super(FatherB).__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
对比实验1-1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
class SubClassC(FatherB, FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class B
>>>
对比实验1-2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class A
>>>
对比实验1-3:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super(FatherB).__init__()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
对比实验1-4:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
def testfn(self, arg):
print('testfn in father class A')
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
def testfn(self):
print('testfn in father class B')
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().testfn()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/1.py", line 21, in
b = SubClassC()
File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/1.py", line 18, in __init__
super().testfn()
TypeError: testfn() missing 1 required positional argument: 'arg'
>>>
对比实验1-5:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
def testfn(self):
print('testfn in father class A')
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
def testfn(self, arg):
print('testfn in father class B')
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
super().testfn()
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
testfn in father class A
说明:通过对比实验1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5可以看出,子类水平方向上,继承多个父类,以super().method(参数)方法调用父类的方法,如果不同父类中存在同名方法method(不管参数列表是否相同),则按继承顺序,选择第一个父类中的方法。,如果想要调用多个方法咋办?如下,通过类名调用
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class A')
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print('init action in father class B')
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print('init action in subclass C')
FatherA.__init__(self)
FatherB.__init__(self)
if __name__ == '__main__':
b = SubClassC()
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class A
init action in father class B
>>>
作者:授客
微信/QQ:1033553122
全国软件测试QQ交流群:7156436
Git地址:https://gitee.com/ishouke
友情提示:限于时间仓促,文中可能存在错误,欢迎指正、评论!
作者五行缺钱,如果觉得文章对您有帮助,请扫描下边的二维码打赏作者,金额随意,您的支持将是我继续创作的源动力,打赏后如有任何疑问,请联系我!!!
微信打赏
支付宝打赏 全国软件测试交流QQ群
【推荐】编程新体验,更懂你的AI,立即体验豆包MarsCode编程助手
【推荐】凌霞软件回馈社区,博客园 & 1Panel & Halo 联合会员上线
【推荐】抖音旗下AI助手豆包,你的智能百科全书,全免费不限次数
【推荐】博客园社区专享云产品让利特惠,阿里云新客6.5折上折
【推荐】轻量又高性能的 SSH 工具 IShell:AI 加持,快人一步
· [.NET]调用本地 Deepseek 模型
· 一个费力不讨好的项目,让我损失了近一半的绩效!
· .NET Core 托管堆内存泄露/CPU异常的常见思路
· PostgreSQL 和 SQL Server 在统计信息维护中的关键差异
· C++代码改造为UTF-8编码问题的总结
· 【.NET】调用本地 Deepseek 模型
· CSnakes vs Python.NET:高效嵌入与灵活互通的跨语言方案对比
· DeepSeek “源神”启动!「GitHub 热点速览」
· 我与微信审核的“相爱相杀”看个人小程序副业
· Plotly.NET 一个为 .NET 打造的强大开源交互式图表库