SST-41-50

 

41.Canned food(原音频)
42. Earth and Mars(近似原文)
43. Biology application(原音频)
44.Recycling water(原音频)
45.Human rights in UK(原音频)
46. Credit card
47.Crops(原音频)
48. Drop out of school
49. Online research
50.Globalization & Detraditionalization(近似音频)

 

41.Canned food(原音频)

答案：Sample answer: During the Great Depression, modern food technology rules the way Americans eat today. An increasing number of canned food was emerged to the market, for refrigerators were becoming popular both in cities and in rural parts of the country. Thanks to electrification, people could buy appliances and farmers could buy appliances, which means people were starting to think about supermarkets with rows and rows of freezer cases and canned foods. (70 words)

解析：中文逻辑：
主题：
罐头食品（canned food）

现象：
1.在大萧条时期（the Great Depression），现代食品技术（modern food technology）统治着美国人的饮食方式
2.随着冰箱（refrigerators ）在城市和农村地区的普及----罐头食品（canned food ）出现在市场上。
3.由于电气化（electrification）----人们和农民（farmers ）可以购买家用电器（appliances）。

影响：
人们开始考虑冷冻箱 （freezer cases）和罐头食品。



全文翻译：
One of the things that was going on during the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of modern food technology that rules, you know, the way Americans eat today.
大萧条期间发生的一件事是这种现代食品技术的开始，你知道，它主宰了今天美国人的饮食方式。

That is there are a lot of canned foods were being - coming onto the market at the time.
当时有很多罐头食品进入市场。

And also, refrigerators were really becoming very, very popular during the Great Depression, both in cities and in rural parts of the country.
而且，冰箱在大萧条时期变得非常流行，无论是在城市还是在农村地区。

Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances.
由于电气化，农村电气化管理局，人们可以买到电器。

You know, farmers could buy appliances.
你知道，农民可以买家电。

And that meant frozen foods were becoming big.
这意味着冷冻食品变得越来越大。

And, you know, at that time, few people could afford to buy them during the early years of the Great Depression.
你知道，在那个时候，在经济大萧条的早期，很少有人能买得起。

But, you know, gradually, these things picked up.
但是，你知道，渐渐地，这些事情开始发生了。

And so this was, like, the sort of beginning of the era when people were starting to think about supermarkets with rows and rows of freezer cases and rows and rows of canned foods.
所以这就像是，那个时代的开始人们开始想到超市里面有一排排的冷冻柜和一排排的罐头食品。

42. Earth and Mars(近似原文)

答案：Sample answer: Mars is an interesting planet which is not far away from the Earth. The landscape and the geological surface of Mars are similar to the Earth. There is not much atmosphere, but rare gases are found and an amount of water is found in icy form. Heavy gases do not evaporate within a low gravity. There may be a thin layer of the atmosphere. Mars may be the ideal destination.(70 words)

解析：中文逻辑：
定义：
火星（Mars）是一个有趣的行星（interesting planets）。

火星上的发现：
1.火星没有太多的大气(not much atmosphere)，但发现了稀有气体(rare gases), 还有一定量的水以冰的形式存在。
2.火星上有薄薄的大气（atmosphere），气体在低重力下不会蒸发。

火星和地球的关系：
1.火星离地球不远(not far away)。
2.火星的地貌(landscape)和地质表面(geological surface)与地球相似。

结论：
火星可能是除了地球之外最理想的目的地（ideal destination)。


全文翻译：
We are going to look at an very interesting and important place today.
今天我们要看一个非常有趣和重要的地方。

It is called the Mars which is not far away from the Earth.
它叫火星，离地球不远。

Mars is an interesting neighboring planet to Earth with a similar geological surface and landscape, such as the desert, covered with rocks.
火星是一个有趣的与地球相邻的行星，有着相似的地质表面和景观，比如沙漠，覆盖着岩石。

Although there has not been evidence for the existence of water yet, the trace of heavy gases has existed on Mars for billions of years.
虽然还没有证据证明水的存在，但重质气体的痕迹已经在火星上存在了数十亿年。

Traces of a great amount of water in icy form just like mountains have been found.
人们发现了大量冰状水的痕迹，就像山脉一样。

There is not much atmosphere, but rare gases are still found.
大气不多，但仍能发现稀有气体。

It is possibly because heavy gases do not evaporate within a low gravity.
这可能是因为重气体在低重力下不会蒸发。

The low gravity on Mars indicates that there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars.
火星上的低重力表明火星上可能有一层薄薄的大气层。

Therefore, Mars might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.
因此，火星可能是除地球之外最理想的目的地。

43. Biology application(原音频)

答案：Sample answer: This lecture is about applications used in biological systems. Synthetic biology is the next level of genetic engineering. Before, scientists and engineers can cut and paste DNA from one organism to another. Nowadays, they can rewrite and synthesize DNA to create new organisms with new techniques. Besides, scientists are building a cellular factory and cultivating millions of bacteria. (58 words)

解析：中文逻辑：
主题：
生物系统中（biological systems）的应用(applications)。

影响：
合成生物学(Synthetic biology)是基因工程(genetic engineering)的下一个层次( level)。

现象对比：
1. 之前，科学家和工程师(scientists and engineers)可以将DNA从一个生物体剪切粘贴(cut and paste)到另一个生物体(organism)。
2. 如今，他们可以用新技术重写(rewrite)和合成(synthesize)DNA来创造新的生物。
3. 此外，科学家们正在建造一个细胞工厂(cellular factory)，培育数以百万计的细菌(bacteria)。


全文翻译：
我的实验室致力于合成生物学的应用，所以我们对用生物系统做有用的事情非常感兴趣。
My lab works on the applications of synthetic biology, so we're very interested in doing useful things with biological systems.

到目前为止，生命已经进化了，现在我们实际上有能力和力量来设计它。
Up to now, life has evolved, and now we actually have the ability and the power to engineer it, to design it.

所以我很好奇未来的自然世界会是什么样子。
And so I'm curious about what the natural world is going to look like in the future.

所以合成生物学是基因工程的下一个层次。
So synthetic biology is sort of the next level of genetic engineering.

所以大约40年前，我们作为科学家和工程师，开发了一种技术，基本上可以将DNA片段从一个生物体转移到另一个生物体。
So about 40years ago, we being scientists and engineers, developed techniques to basically move pieces of DNA from one organism to another.

这是通过物理剪切和粘贴完成的。
And this was sort of done by physically cutting and pasting.

现在我们已经超越了这一点，我们可以编写DNA，所以我们不再局限于片段。
Now we're moving beyond that where we can write DNA so we're no longer limited to the pieces.

我们可以从一个地方剪下来，放进另一个。
We can cut from one and put in another.

我们可以用化学方法在机器上合成这种DNA，然后把它放入一个有机体中。
We can chemically synthesize this DNA on a machine and put that into an organism.

现在我们甚至可以完全从零开始创造新的生物。
And now we can even create new organisms completely from scratch.

所以，如果你想象一个细胞被编程来制造有用的化合物，比如说，材料或药物，那么你所拥有的基本上是一个微型制造单元。
So if you imagine a cell that's programed to make a useful compound, say, material or drug, then what you have is basically a micro-scale manufacturing unit.

它基本上是一个细胞工厂。
It's basically a cellular factory.

细胞工厂很酷的一点是当你想要更多的工厂时，你会喜欢细胞生长和分裂。
And the cool thing about cellular factory is that when you want more factories, you love that cell grow and divide.

在实验室里，如果我们有一个细菌，我们把它放在烧瓶里。
So in in the lab, if we have one bacteria, we put it in a flask.

第二天我们进来了。
The next day we come in.

我们有数百万甚至数十亿的细菌。
We have millions, if not billions of bacteria.

 

44.Recycling water(原音频)

答案：Sample answer: Recycling water is needed, as we do not generate much new water. So the total volume of water in the world is relative to the rate at which we are using or demanding for fresh water. However, there is little recycling at a local level, for sophisticated process of reusing water is hard to become a close loop. (60 words)

解析：中文逻辑：
主题：
循环水（Recycling water）是必要的，因为我们不会产生（generate） 太多的新水------世界上的总水量 （the total volume of water）是与我们对淡水（fresh water）的使用或需求速率相关的------在地方层面上几乎没有循环利用，因为复杂的水再利用过程（ sophisticated process of reusing water）很难成为一个闭环（a close loop）

全文翻译：
Why do we need to recycle water?
为什么我们需要循环水?

Because we don’t generate much new water.
因为我们产生的新水不多。

Chemically the process of generating water, which is basically taking hydrogen and oxygen and burning them to produce water, is not a process that happens a lot anymore.
从化学上讲，产生水的过程，基本上是将氢和氧燃烧来产生水，已经不是一个经常发生的过程了。

So in terms of our total volume of water in the world, yes it is changing, but it’s not changing significantly relative to the rate at which we are using or demanding fresh new water.
因此，就世界上的总水量而言，它的确在变化，但相对于我们使用或需求淡水的速度而言，变化不大。

Now there are a lot of different areas of technology involved in water recycling, and we are later in the interview going to get to industrial use and the reclamation of sewerage.
现在有很多不同的技术领域涉及到水循环，我们稍后的采访会讲到工业使用和污水的回收。

What about in the home at the moment;
在家里的时候怎么样;

what sort of technology is being utilized in the home when we talk about water recycling?
当我们谈到水循环时，哪些技术在家庭中得到了应用?

Well very little on average.
平均来说很少。

Typically in a modern home, we turn on the tap, we take a glass of water, we probably in turning on that tap flush ten glasses of water down the sink.
典型的现代家庭，我们打开水龙头，取一杯水，我们打开水龙头，把十杯水冲进水槽。

We take a shower, we use fresh water, we do a whole range of things, and there is nominally very little recycling of that.
我们洗澡，我们使用淡水，我们做一系列的事情，而名义上很少有回收利用。

It goes down the drain and it goes off to a waste water treatment plant.
它会进入下水道，然后进入废水处理厂。

There is actually very, very little recycling at a local level.
实际上，在地方层面上，回收利用非常非常少。

People don’t actually say well I’m now going to take the water I just used, put it through a sophisticated process and reuse it and have a closed loop.
人们不会说，好吧，我现在要把我刚用过的水，经过一个复杂的过程，再使用它，形成一个闭环。

It’s not a closed loop in the home.
这不是家里的闭环系统。

 

45.Human rights in UK(原音频)

答案：Sample answer: The Human Rights Act was controversial in the UK's history of rights. Since they provided some start points, the freedom and protections were contained within the acts in many ways. Moreover, the convention was devised at the end of the Second World War. Finally, rights sometimes are described as being positive or negative nature, and it follows a baseline or minimum standards for human rights. (69 words)

解析：中文逻辑：
主题：
人权（Human rights）

人权法案：
1. 人权法案是在第二次世界大战（the Second World War.）结束时制定的。
2. 在英国（the UK）的人权历史上，一些人权法案是有争议的。
3.人权提供了一些出发点，自由和保护（freedom and protections）都包含在法案里。

特征：
1.人权有时被描述为积极或消极的性质（positive or negative nature）。
2.遵循人权的基线或最低标准（minimum standards）。



全文翻译：
The Human Rights Act can be seen as far-reaching and some would argue controversial in the UK's history of rights.
《人权法案》可以被视为影响深远，有些人可能会认为，在英国的人权历史上，这是有争议的。

At the same time, it can be described as a somewhat cautious document that provides the starting point for a wider application of the law to rights.
与此同时，它可以被描述为一份有点谨慎的文件，为法律更广泛地适用于权利提供了起点。

In many ways, the freedoms and protections contained within the Human Rights Act were not new to people living in the UK.
在很多方面，《人权法案》中包含的自由和保护对生活在英国的人来说并不新鲜。

The output of the UK law influenced most of the clauses in the European Convention on Human Rights.
英国法律的输出影响了《欧洲人权公约》的大部分条款。

The Convention itself was devised following the end of the Second World War by the Council of Europe.
《公约》本身是在第二次世界大战结束后由欧洲委员会制定的。

UK lawyers played a significant role in the drafting of the convention and the UK was among the first governments to ratify the convention in 1951.
英国律师在公约的起草中发挥了重要作用，英国是1951年第一批批准该公约的国家之一。

Rights are sometimes described as being of a positive or negative nature.
权利有时被描述为具有积极或消极的性质。

That's to say some can be expressed as a right to, another's is freedom from.
也就是说，有些可以表达为权利，另一些则是自由。

The 1998 Act puts into place 15 specific rights and freedoms which include rights to liberty and security, a free trial, free expression, free elections, and the right to marry and found a family.
1998年的法案确立了15项具体的权利和自由，包括自由和安全的权利、自由审判、自由表达、自由选举以及结婚和建立家庭的权利。

There are also freedoms from torture, from slavery or forced labor, and from discrimination on grounds such as race, sex, religion, political opinion or social origin.
还有免受酷刑、奴役或强迫劳动的自由，以及因种族、性别、宗教、政治观点或社会出身而受到的歧视。

The Human Rights Act has been described as the start of a process.
《人权法》被描述为一个进程的开始。

The act itself does not expand on the provisions made by the European Convention, which some would consider as following a baseline or minimum standards for human rights.
该法令本身并未扩大《欧洲公约》所作的规定，有些人认为这些规定符合人权的基线或最低标准。

46. Credit card

Sample answer: The lecture talks about customers' behaviors. One group of inactive credit card users received a message offering benefits that we could get a bonus by consumption, while the other were notified by a message that a penalty would be inflicted if it's not used. The result shows that people were motivated by the potential loss when they do not use the card rather than receive rewards. (66 words)
该题由考生回忆要点组成，暂无原文。

 

47.Crops(原音频)

答案：Sample answer: Climate can affect crops, but crops affect climate too. First, land surface is used in agricultural production. If we deforest and replace a substantial area with a natural crop like soybean, we alter the characteristics and way that water and heat flows, which ultimately change regional climate. This is difficult because it needs cropping scientists to work with climate colleagues to join models together. (64 words)

解析：中文逻辑：
主题：
农作物（crops）---气候(Climate)会影响农作物，但农作物也会影响气候---首先，土地表面被用于农业生产(agricultural production)---如果我们砍伐森林( deforest)，用大豆这样的天然作物来取代大片土地，我们就改变了水和热量流动(heat flows)的特征(characteristics)和方式，最终改变了区域气候---这很困难(difficult)，因为它需要种植科学家(scientists)与气候专家合作，把模型(models)结合起来。

全文翻译：
Now we spend a lot of time thinking about how climate will affect crops.
现在我们花了很多时间思考气候将如何影响农作物。

But crops affect climate themselves and they do this in two ways.
但是作物本身会影响气候，它们通过两种方式来影响气候。

First of all, about one-quarter of the land surface is used for growing crops.
首先，大约四分之一的土地表面用于种植作物。

Another 10-15 % are used for pasture.
另外10- 15%用于放牧。

So a substantial amount of the land surface is used in crop and agricultural production.
因此，大量的地表被用于农作物和农业生产。

And how we used that land affects our climate?
我们如何利用这些土地来影响我们的气候?

If we were, for example, to deforest a substantial area and replace it with annual crops such as soybean.
例如，如果我们砍伐大片土地的森林，用大豆等一年生作物代替。

Then we would alter the characteristics of the land surface, alter the way that water and heat flows from the land surface to the atmosphere and back.
然后我们要改变地表的特征，改变水和热从地表到大气的流动方式。

And ultimately change the regional climate if there is a large enough change the land surface.
并最终改变区域气候如果有足够大的改变陆地表面。

So this is an absolutely fascinating topic and one that's really quite difficult to understand because of the complexity.
所以这是一个非常吸引人的话题因为它的复杂性，所以很难理解。

It's difficult because it needs us as crops scientists to work even more closely with our climate scientist, colleagues.
这很困难，因为它需要我们作为作物科学家与我们的气候科学家，同事们更紧密地合作。

And it's difficult because we have to join our models together.
这很困难，因为我们必须加入我们的模型。

 

48. Drop out of school

Sample answer: Low achievers are more likely to drop out of schools, especially boys. The two main factors are push and pull. The pull factor is the economy because some jobs can be easily acquired by boys, like shipping related. As for girls, they are less likely to leave school early because not many jobs prefer girls. Girls will be facing only two options, being unemployed or doing part-time jobs. (68 words)
关键词补充：student group，opportunities
该题由考生回忆要点组成，暂无原文。
49. Online research

Sample answer: The lecture is about advantages and drawbacks about online research. The online research is quicker than the conventional methods and there is no gaps in quantities and qualities. However, the drawback is that we cannot communicate face to face and we cannot get information through how they react such as body language, which means we don’t know who they are.(62 words)
关键词补充：internet
该题由考生回忆要点组成，暂无原文。

50.Globalization & Detraditionalization(近似音频)

答案：Sample answer: The world is a global village with instant communications through the internet. The world is also shrinking due to the distance and speed. Globalization has brought detraditionalization because of the erosion of traditional values and conventional ways of doing things, as young people are rejecting the culture in which they grew up, and keen on imitating the Hollywood models.(59words)

解析：中文逻辑：
主题：
Globalization & Detraditionalization（全球化与去传统化）

全球化的好处：
世界是一个通过互联网即时通信（instant communications）的地球村（global village）；
世界也在因为距离和速度（distance and speed）而缩小（shrink）；

全球化的坏处：
全球化（Globalization）带来了反传统化（detraditionalization）；

原因：
因为传统文化和传统（conventional ways）做事方式的侵蚀（erosion）;

影响：
年轻人 (young people）正在拒绝他们成长的文化(rejecting the culture)，热衷于模仿（imitating）好莱坞的模式（the Hollywood models）。



全文翻译：
So, I think you all know what I mean by globalization, don't you?
我想你们都知道我说的全球化是什么意思，对吧?

This is the idea that we all live in a global village with instant communications, we can share ideas, and consume cultural artifacts from countries all over the world, just by going into the Internet and all dream up basically.
这就是我们都生活在一个地球村，有即时通讯，我们可以分享想法，消费来自世界各地的文化制品，只要进入互联网，基本上所有的梦想。

The world is shrinking.
世界正在萎缩。

In terms of speeds, it is accelerating, but in terms of distance, it's shrinking.
在速度方面，它在加速，但在距离方面，它在缩小。

What do I mean by detraditionalization?
去传统化是什么意思?

I mean the disappearance or the erosion, for the better word to use, the erosion of traditional cultures, of conventional ways of doing things, of conventional moralities.
我指的是消失或侵蚀，更准确地说，是传统文化的侵蚀，传统做事方式的侵蚀，传统道德的侵蚀。

More and more young people around the world are rejecting the culture they grow up in, and it's probably a little bit cruel.
世界上越来越多的年轻人正在拒绝他们成长过程中的文化，这可能有点残酷。

But some imitating a Hollywood model of society, rather than the one which they inherit from their local tradition background.
但有些人模仿的是好莱坞的社会模式，而不是他们从当地传统背景中继承的那种。

OK?
好吗?