前面的话
前面介绍过canvas粒子时钟的绘制,本文将详细介绍canvas自适应圆形时钟绘制
效果演示
最终自适应圆形时钟的效果如下所示
功能分析
下面来分析一下该圆形时钟的功能
【1】静态背景
对于时钟来说,背景是不变的,包括外层钟框、内层圆点及数字、以及中心点的固定按扣
【2】动态时钟
时态的动态,表现在秒针、分针、时针随着当前时间的变化的变化。开启一个每秒变化1次定时器,秒针与当前的时间的秒数保持一致,分针的变化与当前的秒数和分钟数都有关,时针的变化与当前的分钟数和小时数都有关
【3】自适应
要做到时钟自适应,需要将时钟内部的尺寸绘制与时钟整体的宽高相关联,而不能设置为固定值
下面是一张时钟的简易分析图
静态时钟
下面来实现静态的时钟背景,包括外层钟框、内层圆点及数字、以及中心点的固定按扣,以时钟尺寸为200*200为基准,则半径为100,通过translate()将圆心点调整为(0,0)点
【初始设置】
由于外面经常要用到R和cxt.lineWidth,所以将其保存为变量
var cxt = drawing.getContext('2d'); var W = drawing.width = 400; var H = drawing.height = 400; var R = W / 2; var cw = cxt.lineWidth = 0.1*R;
【外层钟框】
为了将外层钟框不超出canvas区域,则其半径设置为R-cw/2,线条宽度与半径成比例
cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); cxt.arc(0,0,R-cw/2,0,2*Math.PI,false); cxt.stroke();
【内层数字】
在距离圆心点0.8R-cw/2处,绘制12个数字,表示当前的分钟数,数字的字体大小与半径成比例
cxt.beginPath(); cxt.font = 0.2 * R + 'px 宋体'; cxt.textAlign = 'center'; cxt.textBaseline = 'middle'; var r1 = 0.8*R - cw/2; for(var i = 12; i > 0; i--){ var radius = 2*Math.PI/12 * i + 1.5*Math.PI; var x = Math.cos(radius) * r1; var y = Math.sin(radius) * r1; cxt.fillText(i,x,y); }
【内层原点】
在距离圆心点0.9R-cw/2处,绘制60个圆点,表示当前的秒数,当前秒数与分钟数处于同一角度时,表示为大圆点(半径为cx/5),否则为小圆点(半径为cx/8)
cxt.beginPath(); var r2 = 0.9*R - cw/2; for(var i = 0; i < 60; i++){ var radius = 2*Math.PI/60*i + 1.5*Math.PI; var x = Math.cos(radius) * r2; var y = Math.sin(radius) * r2; cxt.beginPath(); if(i%5 === 0){ cxt.arc(x,y,cw/5,0,2*Math.PI,false); }else{ cxt.arc(x,y,cw/8,0,2*Math.PI,false); } cxt.fill(); }
【绘制中心点的固定按扣】
cxt.beginPath(); cxt.arc(0,0,cw/3,0,2*Math.PI,false); cxt.fill();
最终,静态背景封装为函数drawStatics(),代码如下
<canvas id="drawing" style="border:1px solid black"></canvas> <script> var drawing = document.getElementById('drawing'); if(drawing.getContext){ var cxt = drawing.getContext('2d'); var W = drawing.width = 200; var H = drawing.height = 200; var R = W / 2; var cw = cxt.lineWidth = 0.1*R; function drawStatics(){ cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); cxt.lineWidth = 0.1*R; cxt.arc(0,0,R-cw/2,0,2*Math.PI,false); cxt.stroke(); cxt.beginPath(); cxt.font = 0.2 * R + 'px 宋体'; cxt.textAlign = 'center'; cxt.textBaseline = 'middle'; var r1 = 0.8*R - cw/2; for(var i = 12; i > 0; i--){ var radius = 2*Math.PI/12 * i + 1.5*Math.PI; var x = Math.cos(radius) * r1; var y = Math.sin(radius) * r1; cxt.fillText(i,x,y); } cxt.beginPath(); var r2 = 0.9*R - cw/2; for(var i = 0; i < 60; i++){ var radius = 2*Math.PI/60*i + 1.5*Math.PI; var x = Math.cos(radius) * r2; var y = Math.sin(radius) * r2; cxt.beginPath(); if(i%5 === 0){ cxt.arc(x,y,cw/5,0,2*Math.PI,false); }else{ cxt.arc(x,y,cw/8,0,2*Math.PI,false); } cxt.fill(); } cxt.beginPath(); cxt.arc(0,0,cw/3,0,2*Math.PI,false); cxt.fill(); } function draw(){ cxt.clearRect(0,0,W,H); drawStatics(); } draw(); } </script>
静态效果如下
动态效果
下面来分为时针、分针、秒针来进行动态效果
【秒针】
开启一个每秒变化1次定时器,秒针与当前的时间的秒数保持一致
function drawSecond(second){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); var radius = 2*Math.PI/60 * second; cxt.rotate(radius); cxt.lineWidth = 2; cxt.moveTo(0,cw*2); cxt.lineTo(0,-0.8*R); cxt.strokeStyle = 'red'; cxt.stroke(); cxt.restore(); }
【分针】
分针的变化与当前的秒数和分钟数都有关
function drawMinute(minute,second){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); var radius = 2*Math.PI/60 * minute; var sRaiuds = 2*Math.PI/60/60 * second; cxt.rotate(radius + sRaiuds); cxt.lineWidth = 4; cxt.lineCap = 'round'; cxt.moveTo(0,cw); cxt.lineTo(0,-(0.8*R - cw/2)); cxt.stroke(); cxt.restore(); }
【时针】
时针的变化与当前的分钟数和小时数都有关
function drawHour(hour,minute){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); var radius = 2*Math.PI/12 * hour; var mRaiuds = 2*Math.PI/12/60 * minute; cxt.rotate(radius + mRaiuds); cxt.lineWidth = 6; cxt.lineCap = 'round'; cxt.moveTo(0,cw/2); cxt.lineTo(0,-(0.8*R - cw*2)); cxt.stroke(); cxt.restore(); }
完整代码
现在,需要对代码进行调整,因为canvas是按照代码顺序进行绘制的,所以代码顺序应该是,静态背景(时钟外框、圆点及数字) -> 动态效果(秒针、分针、时针) -> 中心按扣
因此,需要将中心按扣的代码从静态背景函数drawStatics()中分离出来,并重新安排代码顺序
由于浏览器的定时器存在误差,因此设置为1000ms并不合适,由于系统卡顿等原因,可能会跳过某次效果,因此,设置为500ms
最终完整代码如下所示
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Document</title> </head> <body> <canvas id="drawing"></canvas> <script> var drawing = document.getElementById('drawing'); if(drawing.getContext){ var cxt = drawing.getContext('2d'); var W = drawing.width = 200; var H = drawing.height = 200; var R = W / 2; var cw = cxt.lineWidth = 0.1*R; function drawStatics(){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); cxt.lineWidth = 0.1*R; cxt.arc(0,0,R-cw/2,0,2*Math.PI,false); cxt.stroke(); cxt.beginPath(); cxt.font = 0.2 * R + 'px 宋体'; cxt.textAlign = 'center'; cxt.textBaseline = 'middle'; var r1 = 0.8*R - cw/2; for(var i = 12; i > 0; i--){ var radius = 2*Math.PI/12 * i + 1.5*Math.PI; var x = Math.cos(radius) * r1; var y = Math.sin(radius) * r1; cxt.fillText(i,x,y); } cxt.beginPath(); var r2 = 0.9*R - cw/2; for(var i = 0; i < 60; i++){ var radius = 2*Math.PI/60*i + 1.5*Math.PI; var x = Math.cos(radius) * r2; var y = Math.sin(radius) * r2; cxt.beginPath(); if(i%5 === 0){ cxt.arc(x,y,cw/5,0,2*Math.PI,false); }else{ cxt.arc(x,y,cw/8,0,2*Math.PI,false); } cxt.fill(); } cxt.restore(); } function drawDot(){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); cxt.arc(0,0,cw/3,0,2*Math.PI,false);
cxt.fillStyle = '#fff';
cxt.fill(); cxt.restore(); } function drawSecond(second){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); var radius = 2*Math.PI/60 * second; cxt.rotate(radius); cxt.lineWidth = 2; cxt.moveTo(0,cw*2); cxt.lineTo(0,-0.8*R); cxt.strokeStyle = 'red'; cxt.stroke(); cxt.restore(); } function drawMinute(minute,second){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); var radius = 2*Math.PI/60 * minute; var sRaiuds = 2*Math.PI/60/60 * second; cxt.rotate(radius + sRaiuds); cxt.lineWidth = 4; cxt.lineCap = 'round'; cxt.moveTo(0,cw); cxt.lineTo(0,-(0.8*R - cw/2)); cxt.stroke(); cxt.restore(); } function drawHour(hour,minute){ cxt.save(); cxt.translate(R,R); cxt.beginPath(); var radius = 2*Math.PI/12 * hour; var mRaiuds = 2*Math.PI/12/60 * minute; cxt.rotate(radius + mRaiuds); cxt.lineWidth = 6; cxt.lineCap = 'round'; cxt.moveTo(0,cw/2); cxt.lineTo(0,-(0.8*R - cw*2)); cxt.stroke(); cxt.restore(); } function draw(){ cxt.clearRect(0,0,W,H); drawStatics(); var now = new Date(); drawHour(now.getHours(),now.getMinutes()); drawMinute(now.getMinutes(),now.getSeconds()); drawSecond(now.getSeconds()); drawDot(); } draw(); setInterval(draw,500); } </script> </body> </html>