【UE4 C++ 基础知识】<15> 智能指针 TSharedPtr、UniquePtr、TWeakPtr、TSharedRef

基本概念

UE4 对 UObject 对象提供垃圾回收
UE4 对原生对象不提供垃圾回收，需要手动进行清理
- 方式
  - malloc / free
  - new / delete
    new与malloc的区别在于，new在分配内存完成之后会调用构造函数。
- 缺点
  - 如果不及时清理，则会占用内存，或者导致内存泄漏
  - 如果不小心提前清理，则会导致野指针
UE4 提供共享指针库来管理内存，它是C++11智能指针的自定义实现
- 分类
  - TSharedPtr
  - UniquePtr
  - TWeakPtr
  - TSharedRef
- 优点
  - 防止内存泄漏 共享引用不存在时，智能指针（弱指针除外）会自动删除对象。
  - 弱引用 弱指针会中断引用循环并阻止悬挂指针。
  - 可选择的线程安全 虚幻智能指针库包括线程安全代码，可跨线程管理引用计数。如无需线程安全，可用其换取更好性能。
  - 运行时安全 共享引用从不为空，可固定随时取消引用。
  - 授予意图 可轻松区分对象所有者和观察者。
  - 内存智能指针在64位下仅为C++指针大小的两倍（加上共享的16字节引用控制器）。唯一指针除外，其与C++指针大小相同。

共享指针 TSharedPtr

TSharedPtr 不能指向 UObject。如果想要指向UObject，可以使用TWeakObjectPtr
TSharedPtr 可以对FStructures 使用

创建/初始化/ 重置

MakeShareable()/MakeShared<T>() 函数

Reset() 函数

class SimpleObject {
public:
	SimpleObject() { UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"SimpleObject Construct")); }
	~SimpleObject() { UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"SimpleObject Destruct")); }
	void ExeFun() { UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"Execute")); }
};

// 快速创建共享指针
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> simObjectPtr(new SimpleObject());
// MakeShareable 创建共享指针
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> simObjectPtr2 = MakeShareable(new SimpleObject());
// 创建线程安全
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject, ESPMode::ThreadSafe> simObjectPtr3 = MakeShareable(new SimpleObject());
// 查看引用计数

UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning,
	TEXT(__FUNCTION__"引用计数: simObjectPtr[%d], simObjectPtr2[%d], simObjectPtr3[%d] "),
simObjectPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount(), simObjectPtr2.GetSharedReferenceCount(), simObjectPtr3.GetSharedReferenceCount());

// 重置共享指针
simObjectPtr.Reset();
simObjectPtr2 = nullptr;

复制/转移

赋值

MoveTemp / MoveTempIfPossible

// 复制共享指针
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> simObjectPtr_copy = simObjectPtr;
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"引用计数: simObjectPtr[%d], simObjectPtr_copy[%d],"),
	simObjectPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount(), simObjectPtr_copy.GetSharedReferenceCount());

// 转移共享指针
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> simObjectPtr_MoveTemp = MoveTemp(simObjectPtr_copy);  // 另 MoveTempIfPossible()
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"引用计数: simObjectPtr[%d], simObjectPtr_copy[%d], simObjectPtr_MoveTemp[%d]"),
	simObjectPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount(), simObjectPtr_copy.GetSharedReferenceCount(), simObjectPtr_MoveTemp.GetSharedReferenceCount()

条件判断 / 对比 / 解引用与访问

-> 运算符
Get() 函数
IsValid() 函数

== != 运算符

if (simObjectPtr)					// 条件判断
{
	simObjectPtr->ExeFun();			// 解引用
}
if (simObjectPtr.Get() != nullptr)	// 条件判断
{
	simObjectPtr.Get()->ExeFun();	//解引用
}
if (simObjectPtr.IsValid())			// 条件判断
{
	(*simObjectPtr).ExeFun();		// 解引用
}
if (simObjectPtr == simObjectPtr_copy)	// 对比
{
	UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"simObjectPtr_copy == simObjectPtr"));
}

共享引用 TSharedRef

共享引用不可为空
不可用于 UObject对象
没有 IsValid() 函数

创建/初始化

MakeShareable()/MakeShared<T>() 函数

// 创建共享引用
TSharedRef<SimpleObject> objRef(new SimpleObject());
TSharedRef<SimpleObject> objRef2 = MakeShareable(new SimpleObject());
TSharedRef<SimpleObject> objRef3 = MakeShared<SimpleObject>();

TSharedRef 与 TSharedPtr转换

隐式转化

ToSharedRef()

// TSharedRef -> TSharedPtr
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> objPtr = objRef;

// TSharedPtr -> TSharedRef
 objRef3= objPtr.ToSharedRef();

比较

没有 IsValid() 函数

// 共享指针比较
if (objRef == objRef3)
{
	UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"objRef == objRef3 , 引用计数：%d"), objPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount());
}

弱指针 TWeakPtr

与TSharedPtr相比，不参与引用计数
对象不存在共享指针时，TWeakPtr将自动失效
使用时需要判断有效性

创建/初始化/转换/重置

通过 TSharedPtr 创建
通过 TSharedRef 创建
运算符 = 赋值
IsValid() 函数判断有效性
Pin() 函数转成 TSharedPtr ,再解引用访问对象

Reset() 或 nullptr 重置

// 强指针创建弱指针
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> ObjPtr=MakeShared<SimpleObject>();
TWeakPtr<SimpleObject> ObjWeakPtr(ObjPtr);
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"step1 引用计数：ObjPtr[%d]"), ObjPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount());

//强引用创建弱指针
TSharedRef<SimpleObject> objRef = MakeShareable(new SimpleObject());
TWeakPtr<SimpleObject> ObjWeakPtr2(objRef);

TWeakPtr<SimpleObject> ObjWeakPtr_Copy = ObjWeakPtr;
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"step2 引用计数：ObjPtr[%d]"), ObjPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount());

// 判断有效性
if (ObjWeakPtr.IsValid())
{
	TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> ObjPtr2 = ObjWeakPtr.Pin();
	ObjPtr2->ExeFun();
}

// 清空强指针
ObjPtr.Reset();
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> ObjPtr2 = ObjWeakPtr.Pin();
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"step3 引用计数：ObjPtr[%d]"), ObjPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount());

// 判断有效性
if (!ObjPtr2)
{
	UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"弱指针已空 "));
}

// 重置
ObjWeakPtr.Reset();
ObjWeakPtr_Copy = nullptr;

唯一指针 TUniquePtr

TUniquePtr 指向的对象只能被唯一指向，因而 Unique指针不能赋值给其它指针
不要为共享指针或共享引用引用的对象创建唯一指针

创建/初始化/判断/解引用/重置

MakeUnique()
IsValid()
-> 运算符
Get() 函数
Release() 释放并返回指针

Reset() 或 nullptr 重置

// 创建唯一指针
	TUniquePtr<SimpleObject> ObjUniquePtr = MakeUnique<SimpleObject>();
	UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" Validity: ObjUniquePtr[%d]"), ObjUniquePtr.IsValid());

	// 判断有效性
	if (ObjUniquePtr.IsValid()) 
	{
		ObjUniquePtr->ExeFun(); // 解引用
	}

	// 释放指针，移交
	TUniquePtr<SimpleObject> ObjUniquePtr2(ObjUniquePtr.Release());
	UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" Validity: ObjUniquePtr[%d], ObjUniquePtr2[%d]"), ObjUniquePtr.IsValid(), ObjUniquePtr2.IsValid());

	// 重置
	ObjUniquePtr.Reset();		
	ObjUniquePtr2 = nullptr;

基类与派生类的智能转换

共享指针转换

派生类转基类隐式转换
基类转派生类 StaticCastSharedPtr

非常量转常量 ConstCastSharedPtr

TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> simpleObj;
TSharedPtr<ComplexObject> complexObj = MakeShared<ComplexObject>();

// 派生类转基类
simpleObj = complexObj;
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"simpleObj is %s"), simpleObj.IsValid() ? TEXT("Valid") : TEXT("Not Valid"));

// 基类转派生类
TSharedPtr<ComplexObject> complexObj2 = StaticCastSharedPtr<ComplexObject>(simpleObj);
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"complexObj2 is %s"), complexObj2.IsValid() ? TEXT("Valid") : TEXT("Not Valid"));

// 常量指针转非常量指针

const TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> simpleObj_const(new SimpleObject());
TSharedPtr<SimpleObject> simpleObj_mutable = ConstCastSharedPtr<SimpleObject>(simpleObj_const);
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__"simpleObj_mutable is %s"), simpleObj_mutable.IsValid() ? TEXT("Valid") : TEXT("Not Valid"));

共享引用转换

隐式转换
StaticCastSharedRef

// 创建唯一指针
TUniquePtr ObjUniquePtr = MakeUnique();
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(FUNCTION" Validity: ObjUniquePtr[%d]"), ObjUniquePtr.IsValid());

// 判断有效性
if (ObjUniquePtr.IsValid())
{
	ObjUniquePtr->ExeFun(); // 解引用
}

// 释放指针，移交
TUniquePtr<SimpleObject> ObjUniquePtr2(ObjUniquePtr.Release());
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" Validity: ObjUniquePtr[%d], ObjUniquePtr2[%d]"), ObjUniquePtr.IsValid(), ObjUniquePtr2.IsValid());

// 重置
ObjUniquePtr.Reset();
ObjUniquePtr2 = nullptr;

ConstStaticCastSharedRef

代码省略

助手类 TSharedFromThis

自定义类继承 TSharedFromThis 模板类
TSharedFromThis 会保存一个弱指针
AsShared() 将裸指针转智共享引用，可再隐式转为共享指针
SharedThis(this) 会返回具备"this"类型的TSharedRef

不要在构造函数中调用 AsShared 或 Shared，共享引用此时并未初始化，将导致崩溃或断言

// 基类
class BaseClass :public TSharedFromThis<BaseClass>
{
public:
	BaseClass() { UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__)); }
	virtual ~BaseClass() { UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__)); }
	virtual void ExeFun() { 
		TSharedRef<BaseClass> ThisAsSharedRef = AsShared();
	}
};

// 派生类
class ChildClass :public BaseClass 
{
public:
	ChildClass() { UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__)); }
	virtual ~ChildClass() { UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__)); }
	virtual void ExeFun() override{
		 //AsShared()返回 TSharedRef<BaseClass>, 因而编译不通过
		//TSharedRef<ChildClass> AsSharedRef = AsShared(); 

		TSharedRef<ChildClass> AsSharedRef = SharedThis(this);
	}
};

TSharedPtr<BaseClass> BaseClassPtr = MakeShared<BaseClass>();
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" 引用计数：BaseClassPtr[%d]"), BaseClassPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount());

BaseClass* tempPtr = BaseClassPtr.Get();
TSharedPtr<BaseClass> BaseClassPtr_Shared =tempPtr->AsShared();
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" 引用计数：BaseClassPtr[%d], BaseClassPtr_Shared[%d]"), 
	BaseClassPtr.GetSharedReferenceCount(), BaseClassPtr_Shared.GetSharedReferenceCount());

// 使用下面语句运行，程序死机
// TSharedPtr<BaseClass> BaseClassPtr_New = MakeShareable(tempPtr);

注意

避免将数据作为 TSharedRef 或 TSharedPtr 参数传到函数，此操作将因取消引用和引用计数而产生开销。相反，建议将引用对象作为 const & 进行传递。
共享指针与虚幻对象(UObject 及其衍生类)不兼容。引擎具有 UObject 管理的单独内存管理系统（对象处理文档），两个系统未互相重叠。

实践遇到的问题

按照附录源码头文件 Tip，智能指针其实可以作为函数参数的

智能指针在TArray里排序或者堆操作时，符号重载 operator 要在全局来写，原类里的貌似不识别

 //用于排序比较
 bool operator <(const TSharedPtr<FPathPoint>& a,const TSharedPtr<FPathPoint>& b) 
 { 
 	return a->total_cost < b->total_cost; 
 }

 //用于数组里的查找
 bool operator ==(const TSharedPtr<FPathPoint>& a,const TSharedPtr<FPathPoint>& b) 
 { 
 	return a->pos.Equals(b->pos, 1.0f); 
 }

智能指针和原生指针混用，容易扑街，可能会遇到内存释放等问题

附录

\Engine\Source\Runtime\Core\Public\Templates\SharedPointer.h 有更详细的说明

**
 *	SharedPointer - Unreal smart pointer library
 *
 *	This is a smart pointer library consisting of shared references (TSharedRef), shared pointers (TSharedPtr),
 *	weak pointers (TWeakPtr) as well as related helper functions and classes.  This implementation is modeled
 *	after the C++0x standard library's shared_ptr as well as Boost smart pointers.
 *
 *	Benefits of using shared references and pointers:
 *
 *		Clean syntax.  You can copy, dereference and compare shared pointers just like regular C++ pointers.
 *		Prevents memory leaks.  Resources are destroyed automatically when there are no more shared references.
 *		Weak referencing.  Weak pointers allow you to safely check when an object has been destroyed.
 *		Thread safety.  Includes "thread safe" version that can be safely accessed from multiple threads.
 *		Ubiquitous.  You can create shared pointers to virtually *any* type of object.
 *		Runtime safety.  Shared references are never null and can always be dereferenced.
 *		No reference cycles.  Use weak pointers to break reference cycles.
 *		Confers intent.  You can easily tell an object *owner* from an *observer*.
 *		Performance.  Shared pointers have minimal overhead.  All operations are constant-time.
 *		Robust features.  Supports 'const', forward declarations to incomplete types, type-casting, etc.
 *		Memory.  Only twice the size of a C++ pointer in 64-bit (plus a shared 16-byte reference controller.)
 *
 *
 *	This library contains the following smart pointers:
 *
 *		TSharedRef - Non-nullable, reference counted non-intrusive authoritative smart pointer
 *		TSharedPtr - Reference counted non-intrusive authoritative smart pointer
 *		TWeakPtr - Reference counted non-intrusive weak pointer reference
 *
 *
 *	Additionally, the following helper classes and functions are defined:
 *
 *		MakeShareable() - Used to initialize shared pointers from C++ pointers (enables implicit conversion)
 *		TSharedFromThis - You can derive your own class from this to acquire a TSharedRef from "this"
 *		StaticCastSharedRef() - Static cast utility function, typically used to downcast to a derived type. 
 *		ConstCastSharedRef() - Converts a 'const' reference to 'mutable' smart reference
 *		StaticCastSharedPtr() - Dynamic cast utility function, typically used to downcast to a derived type. 
 *		ConstCastSharedPtr() - Converts a 'const' smart pointer to 'mutable' smart pointer
 *
 *
 *	Examples:
 *		- Please see 'SharedPointerTesting.inl' for various examples of shared pointers and references!
 *
 *
 *	Tips:
 *		- Use TSharedRef instead of TSharedPtr whenever possible -- it can never be nullptr!
 *		- You can call TSharedPtr::Reset() to release a reference to your object (and potentially deallocate) 
 *		- Use the MakeShareable() helper function to implicitly convert to TSharedRefs or TSharedPtrs
 *		- You can never reset a TSharedRef or assign it to nullptr, but you can assign it a new object
 *		- Shared pointers assume ownership of objects -- no need to call delete yourself!
 *		- Usually you should "operator new" when passing a C++ pointer to a new shared pointer
 *		- Use TSharedRef or TSharedPtr when passing smart pointers as function parameters, not TWeakPtr
 *		- The "thread-safe" versions of smart pointers are a bit slower -- only use them when needed
 *		- You can forward declare shared pointers to incomplete types, just how you'd expect to!
 *		- Shared pointers of compatible types will be converted implicitly (e.g. upcasting)
 *		- You can create a typedef to TSharedRef< MyClass > to make it easier to type
 *		- For best performance, minimize calls to TWeakPtr::Pin (or conversions to TSharedRef/TSharedPtr)
 *		- Your class can return itself as a shared reference if you derive from TSharedFromThis
 *		- To downcast a pointer to a derived object class, to the StaticCastSharedPtr function
 *		- 'const' objects are fully supported with shared pointers!
 *		- You can make a 'const' shared pointer mutable using the ConstCastSharedPtr function
 *		
 *
 *	Limitations:
 *
 *		- Shared pointers are not compatible with Unreal objects (UObject classes)!
 *		- Currently only types with that have regular destructors (no custom deleters)
 *		- Dynamically-allocated arrays are not supported yet (e.g. MakeSharable( new int32[20] ))
 *		- Implicit conversion of TSharedPtr/TSharedRef to bool is not supported yet
 *
 *
 *	Differences from other implementations (e.g. boost:shared_ptr, std::shared_ptr):
 *
 *		- Type names and method names are more consistent with Unreal's codebase
 *		- You must use Pin() to convert weak pointers to shared pointers (no explicit constructor)
 *		- Thread-safety features are optional instead of forced
 *		- TSharedFromThis returns a shared *reference*, not a shared *pointer*
 *		- Some features were omitted (e.g. use_count(), unique(), etc.)
 *		- No exceptions are allowed (all related features have been omitted)
 *		- Custom allocators and custom delete functions are not supported yet
 *		- Our implementation supports non-nullable smart pointers (TSharedRef)
 *		- Several other new features added, such as MakeShareable and nullptr assignment
 *
 *
 *	Why did we write our own Unreal shared pointer instead of using available alternatives?
 *
 *		- std::shared_ptr (and even tr1::shared_ptr) is not yet available on all platforms
 *		- Allows for a more consistent implementation on all compilers and platforms
 *		- Can work seamlessly with other Unreal containers and types
 *		- Better control over platform specifics, including threading and optimizations
 *		- We want thread-safety features to be optional (for performance)
 *		- We've added our own improvements (MakeShareable, assign to nullptr, etc.)
 *		- Exceptions were not needed nor desired in our implementation
 *		- We wanted more control over performance (inlining, memory, use of virtuals, etc.)
 *		- Potentially easier to debug (liberal code comments, etc.)
 *		- Prefer not to introduce new third party dependencies when not needed
 *
 */

参考

posted @ 2021-05-04 17:00 砥才人阅读(8414) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报

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