枚举类
当需要定义常量时,一个办法是用大写变量通过整数来定义
好处是简单,缺点是类型是int,并且仍然是变量
Enum可以把一组相关常量定义在一个class中,且class不可变,而且成员可以直接比较,这样这些相关常量就不会变化了
使用枚举类
from enum import Enum Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec')) for name, member in Month.__members__.items(): print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value) #value属性则是自动赋给成员的int常量,默认从1开始计数 #输出:Jan => Month.Jan , 1 #输出:Feb => Month.Feb , 2 #输出:Mar => Month.Mar , 3 #输出:Apr => Month.Apr , 4 #输出:May => Month.May , 5 #输出:Jun => Month.Jun , 6 #输出:Jul => Month.Jul , 7 #输出:Aug => Month.Aug , 8 #输出:Sep => Month.Sep , 9 #输出:Oct => Month.Oct , 10 #输出:Nov => Month.Nov , 11 #输出:Dec => Month.Dec , 12
自定义枚举类
如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型,可以从Enum派生出自定义类
from enum import Enum, unique @unique #@unique装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值 class Weekday(Enum): Sun = 00 Mon = 01 Tue = 02 Wed = 03 Thu = 04 Fri = 05 Sat = 06 day1 = Weekday.Mon print(day1) #输出:Weekday.Mon print(day1.value) #输出:01,value属性是枚举常量的值 print(Weekday.Tue) #输出:Weekday.Tue print(Weekday['Tue']) #输出:Weekday.Tue,可用成员名称引用枚举常量 print(Weekday['Tue'].value) #输出:02 print(day1 == Weekday.Mon) #输出:True print(day1 == Weekday.Tue) #输出:False print(Weekday('03')) #输出:Weekday.Wed,根据value值获取枚举常量 print(Weekday('03').value) #输出:03,根据value值获取枚举常量 print(day1 == Weekday('01')) #输出:True Weekday(7) #报错 for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items(): print(name, '=>', member) #输出:Sun => Weekday.Sun #输出:Mon => Weekday.Mon #输出:Tue => Weekday.Tue #输出:Wed => Weekday.Wed #输出:Thu => Weekday.Thu #输出:Fri => Weekday.Fri #输出:Sat => Weekday.Sat