K3S 集群安装 helmv3 与使用


1. Helm 介绍

rancher 官方 helm 文档

k8s 包管理工具 HelmV3 入门

  Helm 是 kubernetes 的包管理器,包管理器类似于我们在 ubuntu 中使用的 apt,在 centos 中使用的 yum 或者 python 中的 pip 一样,能够快速查找,下载和安装软件包。helm 由客户端组件 helm 和服务端组件 Tiller 组成,能够将一组众多分散的 k8s 资源打包统一管理,是查找、共享和使用为 kubernetes 构建软件的最佳方式。

helm 的重要概念:

  • Charts:是创建 Kubernetes 应用实例的信息集合,也就是一个 helm 的程序包,它包含了运行一个 k8s 应用所有需要的镜像、依赖关系和资源定义等,必要时还会包含 Service 资源定义,它类似于 yum 的 rpm 文件。
  • Repository:Chart 仓库,用于集中存储和分发 Charts。
  • Config:应用程序实例化安装时运行使用的配置信息。
  • Release:chart 的运行实例,包含特定的 config。

使用 Helm 前提条件:

  • 一个 K8S/K3S 集群环境
  • Helm 客户端和 Tiller 服务器

Helm 客户端

是一个供终端用户使用的命令行工具。负责如下的工作:
- 本地 chart 开发
- 管理仓库
- 与 Tiller 服务器交互(发送需要被安装的 charts、请求关于发布版本的信息、请求更新或者卸载已安装的发布版本)

Tiller 服务器(v2 版本有,v3 移除)

Tiller 是 helm 的服务器端,一般运行于 kubernetes 集群之上,定义 tiller 的 ServiceAccount,并通过 ClusterRoleBinding 将其绑定至集群管理员角色 cluster-admin,从而使得它拥有集群级别所有的最高权限。Tiller 服务器负责如下的工作:
- 监听来自于 Helm 客户端的请求
- 组合 chart 和配置来构建一个发布
- 在 Kubernetes 中安装,并跟踪后续的发布
- 通过与 Kubernetes 交互,更新或者 chart

Helm v3 相对于 v2 的变化

a. 最明显的变化是 Tiller 的删除
b. Release 名称可以在不同命名空间重用
c. 支持将 Chart 推送至 Docker 镜像仓库中
d. 使用 JSONSchema 验证chart values

① 为了更好地协调其他包管理者的措辞 Helm CLI 个别更名
helm delete 更名为 helm uninstall
helm inspect 更名为 helm show
helm fetch 更名为 helm pull
但以上旧的命令当前仍能使用。
② 移除了用于本地临时搭建 Chart Repository 的 helm serve 命令。
③ 自动创建名称空间:在不存在的命名空间中创建发行版时,Helm 2 自动创建命名空间。Helm 3 遵循其他 Kubernetes 对象的行为,如命名空间不存在则返回错误。
④ 不再需要 requirements.yaml, 依赖关系是直接在 chart.yaml 中定义。

2. K8S/K3S 集群安装

Kubeadm 快速搭建 k8s 集群

K3S 集群安装文档

3. Helm 安装(K3S 集群)

[root@master ~]#wget http://49.232.8.65/helm/helm-v3.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@master ~]#ls
helm-v3.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@master ~]#tar zxvf helm-v3.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz 
linux-amd64/
linux-amd64/README.md
linux-amd64/LICENSE
linux-amd64/helm
[root@master ~]#chmod 755 linux-amd64/helm 
[root@master ~]#cp linux-amd64/helm /usr/bin/
[root@master ~]#cp linux-amd64/helm /usr/local/bin/
[root@master ~]#export KUBECONFIG=/etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml
[root@master ~]#echo 'source <(helm completion bash)' >> /etc/profile
[root@master ~]#. /etc/profile
[root@master ~]#helm version
version.BuildInfo{Version:"v3.5.0", GitCommit:"32c22239423b3b4ba6706d450bd044baffdcf9e6", GitTreeState:"clean", GoVersion:"go1.15.6"}

配置国外 helm 源

helm repo remove stable
helm repo add stable https://charts.helm.sh/stable	# 官方,stable 是自己指定的源名字
helm repo update
helm list
helm search repo stable/prometheus-operator

# 微软源(推荐)
helm repo add stable http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts
helm repo update

配置国内 helm 源(推荐):可添加多个源,例如:azure、aliyun

helm repo remove stable
helm repo add stable https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
helm repo update
helm list
helm search repo stable/prometheus-operator

# ------------------------ #
[root@master ~]#helm repo add stable https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
"stable" has been added to your repositories
[root@master ~]#helm repo list
NAME  	URL                                                   
stable	https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
[root@master ~]#helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "stable" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
[root@master ~]#helm list
NAME	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED	STATUS	CHART	APP VERSION

命令测试

[root@master ~]#helm search hub wordpress
URL                                               	CHART VERSION 	APP VERSION        	DESCRIPTION                                       
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/kube-wordp...	0.1.0         	1.1                	this is my wordpress package 
......
[root@master ~]#helm search hub mysql
URL                                               	CHART VERSION	APP VERSION  	DESCRIPTION                                       
https://artifacthub.io/packages/helm/cloudnativ...	5.0.1        	8.0.16       	Chart to create a Highly available MySQL cluster
......

# ---------------------- #
helm install happy-panda stable/mariadb
helm status happy-panda
helm show values stable/mariadb

4. Helmv3 使用

命令 描述
create 创建一个 chart 并指定名字
install 安装一个 chart
uninstall 卸载一个 release
upgrade 更新一个 release
rollback 回滚之前版本
version 查看 helm 客户端版本
dependency 管理 chart 依赖
get 下载一个 release。可用子命令:all、hooks、manifest、notes、values
history 获取 release 历史
list 列出 release
package 将 chart 目录打包到 chart 存档文件中
pull 从远程仓库中下载 chart 并解压到本地 # helm pull stable/mysql --untar
repo 添加,列出,移出,更新和索引 chart 仓库。可用子命令:add、index、list、remove、update
search 根据关键字搜索 chart。可用子命令:hub、repo
show 查看 chart 详细信息。可用子命令:all、chart、readme、values
status 显示已命名版本的状态
template 本地呈现模板

查询

# 查看已部署的 release
helm ls

# 查看指定 release 的状态
helm status <release_name>

# 查看已经移除但保留在历史记录中的 release
helm ls --uninstalled

安装

# 普通安装
helm install <release_name> <chart_path>

# 指定变量安装
helm install --set image.tag=*** <release_name> <chart_path>

更新

# 普通更新
helm upgrade [flag] <release_name> <chart_path>

# 指定文件更新
helm upgrade -f myvalues.yaml -f override.yaml <release_name> <chart_path>

# 指定变量更新
helm upgrade --set foo=bar --set foo=newbar redis ./redis

删除

# 移除 release,不保留历史记录
helm uninstall <release_name>

# 移除 release,保留历史记录
helm uninstall <release_name> --keep-history

# 查看历史记录
helm ls --uninstalled

回滚

helm rollback <release> [revision]

4.1 使用 chart 部署一个应用

# 查找 chart
[root@master ~]#helm search repo mysql
NAME                           	CHART VERSION	APP VERSION	DESCRIPTION                                       
azure/mysql                    	1.6.9        	5.7.30     	DEPRECATED - Fast, reliable, scalable, and easy...
azure/mysqldump                	2.6.2        	2.4.1      	
......

# 查看 chart 信息
[root@master ~]#helm show values azure/mysql
......

# 安装包
# 一个 chart 包是可以多次安装到同一个集群中的,每次安装都会产生一个 release, 每个 release 都可以独立管理和升级。
[root@master ~]#helm install db azure/mysql		# db 是自己指定的 chart 名
WARNING: This chart is deprecated
NAME: db
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Jun 22 14:07:47 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
MySQL can be accessed via port 3306 on the following DNS name from within your cluster:
db-mysql.default.svc.cluster.local

To get your root password run:
......

# 查看发布状态
[root@master ~]#helm list
NAME	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED                                	STATUS  	CHART      	APP VERSION
db  	default  	1       	2022-06-22 14:07:47.233583511 +0800 CST	deployed	mysql-1.6.9	5.7.30  
[root@master ~]#helm status db
......
[root@master ~]#kubectl get secret --namespace default db-mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode; echo
xAn4Rw12RY
[root@master ~]#kubectl get Deployment
NAME       READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
db-mysql   1/1     1            1           10m
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pods,svc -o wide
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP          NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod/db-mysql-864bfb89bb-rh8m8   1/1     Running   0          10m   10.42.1.3   node01   <none>           <none>

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE     SELECTOR
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.43.0.1      <none>        443/TCP    4h44m   <none>
service/db-mysql     ClusterIP   10.43.198.37   <none>        3306/TCP   10m     app=db-mysql
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pv,pvc
NAME                                                        CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM              STORAGECLASS   REASON   AGE
persistentvolume/pvc-938130aa-ee96-422a-8a2c-2798a7719e5e   8Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    default/db-mysql   local-path              5m17s

NAME                             STATUS   VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
persistentvolumeclaim/db-mysql   Bound    pvc-938130aa-ee96-422a-8a2c-2798a7719e5e   8Gi        RWO            local-path     5m37s
[root@master ~]#kubectl exec -it db-mysql-864bfb89bb-rh8m8 /bin/bash
root@db-mysql-864bfb89bb-rh8m8:/# mysql -uroot -pxAn4Rw12RY
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
..........
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> exit
Bye
root@db-mysql-864bfb89bb-rh8m8:/# exit
exit

# 卸载一个 charts
[root@master ~]#helm uninstall db
release "db" uninstalled
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pods,svc -o wide
NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE     SELECTOR
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.43.0.1    <none>        443/TCP   4h53m   <none>
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pv,pvc
No resources found in default namespace.
[root@master ~]#kubectl get deploy
No resources found in default namespace.
[root@master ~]#helm list
NAME	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED	STATUS	CHART	APP VERSION
# 可以看到 mysql 已经卸载完全

4.2 安装应用前自定义 chart 配置选项

自定义 chart 配置选项,安装过程中有两种方法可以传递配置数据:

  • --values (或 -f):指定带有覆盖的 YAML 文件。这可以多次指定,最右边的文件优先。
  • --set:在命令行上指定替代。如果两者都用,--set 优先级高。
[root@master ~]#cat config.yaml		# 注意这个文件里的内容不要和 charts 描述的内容冲突
mysqlUser: "k8s"
mysqlPassword: "123456"
mysqlDatabase: "k8s"
[root@master ~]#helm install mysql azure/mysql -f config.yaml
......
[root@master ~]#helm ls
NAME 	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED                                	STATUS  	CHART      	APP VERSION
mysql	default  	1       	2022-06-22 14:53:01.891424978 +0800 CST	deployed	mysql-1.6.9	5.7.30     
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pv,pvc
NAME                                                        CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM           STORAGECLASS   REASON   AGE
persistentvolume/pvc-afe437fb-e5cd-4568-92fc-47aebf15c08d   8Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    default/mysql   local-path              15s

NAME                          STATUS   VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
persistentvolumeclaim/mysql   Bound    pvc-afe437fb-e5cd-4568-92fc-47aebf15c08d   8Gi        RWO            local-path     18s
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pods,svc -o wide
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP          NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod/mysql-5554bc7c4-vtjjh   1/1     Running   0          32s   10.42.1.6   node01   <none>           <none>

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP    EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE     SELECTOR
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.43.0.1     <none>        443/TCP    5h19m   <none>
service/mysql        ClusterIP   10.43.207.2   <none>        3306/TCP   32s     app=mysql
[root@master ~]#kubectl get secret --namespace default mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode; echo
NBQk9NlXlu
[root@master ~]#kubectl exec -it mysql-5554bc7c4-vtjjh /bin/bash
root@mysql-5554bc7c4-vtjjh:/# mysql -uk8s -p123456
......
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| k8s                |
+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
......

4.3 Helm Chart 自定义模板

4.3.1 Charts 文件组织结构

  一个 Charts 就是按特定格式组织的目录结构,目录名即为 Charts 名,目录名称本身不包含版本信息。目录结构中除了 charts/templates/ 是目录之外,其他的都是文件。它们的基本组成如下:

[root@master ~]#yum -y install tree
......
[root@master ~]#helm create mychart
Creating mychart
[root@master ~]#ls
mychart
[root@master ~]#tree mychart/
mychart/
├── charts
├── Chart.yaml
├── templates
│   ├── deployment.yaml
│   ├── _helpers.tpl
│   ├── hpa.yaml
│   ├── ingress.yaml
│   ├── NOTES.txt
│   ├── serviceaccount.yaml
│   ├── service.yaml
│   └── tests
│       └── test-connection.yaml
└── values.yaml

3 directories, 10 files

# ------------------------------------ #
# Chart.yaml:用于描述这个 Chart 的基本信息,包括名字、描述信息以及版本等。
# values.yaml:用于存储 templates 目录中模板文件中用到变量的值。
# Templates:目录里面存放所有 yaml 模板文件。
# charts:目录里存放这个 chart 依赖的所有子 chart。
# NOTES.txt:用于介绍 Chart 帮助信息,helm install 部署后展示给用户。例如:如何使用这个 Chart、列出缺省的设置等。
# _helpers.tpl:放置模板助手的地方,可以在整个 chart 中重复使用。

打包推送的 charts 仓库

[root@master ~]#helm package mychart/
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/mychart-0.1.0.tgz
[root@master ~]#ls
mychart  mychart-0.1.0.tgz

升级、回滚和删除

# 发布新版本的 chart 时,或者当您要更改发布的配置时,可以使用该 helm upgrade 命令
helm upgrade --set imageTag=1.17 web mychart
或调用文件
helm upgrade -f values.yaml web mychart

4.3.2 chart 模板配置

  Helm 最核心的就是模板,即模板化的 K8S manifests 文件。 它本质上就是一个 Go 的 template 模板。Helm 在 Go template 模板的基础上,还会增加很多东西。如一些自定义的元数据信息、扩展的库以及一些类似于编程形式的工作流,例如条件语句、管道等等。这些东西都会使得我们的模板变得更加丰富。

(1) helm chart values 的引用

# 创建 chart
[root@master ~]#helm create nginx
Creating nginx
[root@master ~]#ls
deployment.yml  nginx  service.yaml
[root@master ~]#helm install web nginx
NAME: web
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Jun 22 16:34:09 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
......
[root@master ~]#helm list
NAME	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED                                	STATUS  	CHART      	APP VERSION
web 	default  	1       	2022-06-22 16:34:09.068833757 +0800 CST	deployed	nginx-0.1.0	1.16.0     
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pod,svc -o wide
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP          NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod/web-nginx-55cc868c48-2xw47   1/1     Running   0          19s   10.42.2.4   node02   <none>           <none>

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE   SELECTOR
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.43.0.1      <none>        443/TCP   7h    <none>
service/web-nginx    ClusterIP   10.43.70.195   <none>        80/TCP    19s   app.kubernetes.io/instance=web,app.kubernetes.io/name=nginx

# 查看 nginx 版本是 1.16.0
[root@master ~]#curl -I 10.43.70.195
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.16.0
Date: Wed, 22 Jun 2022 08:34:45 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 612
Last-Modified: Tue, 23 Apr 2019 10:18:21 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "5cbee66d-264"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

# 修改版本
[root@master ~]#vim nginx/values.yaml
[root@master ~]#cat nginx/values.yaml | grep tag
  # Overrides the image tag whose default is the chart appVersion.
  tag: "1.17"
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80
  # targetMemoryUtilizationPercentage: 80
  
# 更新  
[root@master ~]#helm upgrade web nginx
Release "web" has been upgraded. Happy Helming!
NAME: web
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Jun 22 16:36:03 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 2
NOTES:
......
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pod,svc -o wide
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP           NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod/web-nginx-7f4f88cdc7-8wq88   1/1     Running   0          23s   10.42.1.13   node01   <none>           <none>

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE     SELECTOR
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.43.0.1      <none>        443/TCP   7h2m    <none>
service/web-nginx    ClusterIP   10.43.70.195   <none>        80/TCP    2m17s   app.kubernetes.io/instance=web,app.kubernetes.io/name=nginx

# 更新过后版本变成 1.17.10
[root@master ~]#curl -I 10.43.70.195
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.17.10
Date: Wed, 22 Jun 2022 08:36:36 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 612
Last-Modified: Tue, 14 Apr 2020 14:19:26 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "5e95c66e-264"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

# 查看历史版本
[root@master ~]#helm history web
REVISION	UPDATED                 	STATUS    	CHART      	APP VERSION	DESCRIPTION     
1       	Wed Jun 22 16:34:09 2022	superseded	nginx-0.1.0	1.16.0     	Install complete
2       	Wed Jun 22 16:36:03 2022	deployed  	nginx-0.1.0	1.16.0     	Upgrade complete

# 回滚到 1 版本
[root@master ~]#helm rollback web 1
Rollback was a success! Happy Helming!

# 版本退回 1.16.0
[root@master ~]#kubectl get pod,svc -o wide
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP          NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod/web-nginx-55cc868c48-4qzsx   1/1     Running   0          17s   10.42.2.5   node02   <none>           <none>

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE     SELECTOR
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.43.0.1      <none>        443/TCP   7h6m    <none>
service/web-nginx    ClusterIP   10.43.70.195   <none>        80/TCP    6m15s   app.kubernetes.io/instance=web,app.kubernetes.io/name=nginx
[root@master ~]#curl -I 10.43.70.195
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.16.0
Date: Wed, 22 Jun 2022 08:40:33 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 612
Last-Modified: Tue, 23 Apr 2019 10:18:21 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "5cbee66d-264"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

(2) 构建自己的 chart 模板

Helm 最核心的就是模板,即模板化的 K8S manifests 文件。使用如下命令可以看到实际的模板被渲染过后的资源文件:

[root@master ~]#helm get manifest web	# 查看 manifest
---
# Source: nginx/templates/serviceaccount.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: web-nginx
labels:
 helm.sh/chart: nginx-0.1.0
 app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/instance: web
 app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.16.0"
 app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
---
# Source: nginx/templates/service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: web-nginx
labels:
 helm.sh/chart: nginx-0.1.0
 app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/instance: web
 app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.16.0"
 app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
spec:
type: ClusterIP
ports:
    - port: 80
   targetPort: http
   protocol: TCP
   name: http
selector:
 app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/instance: web
---
# Source: nginx/templates/deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: web-nginx
labels:
 helm.sh/chart: nginx-0.1.0
 app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/instance: web
 app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.16.0"
 app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
 matchLabels:
   app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
   app.kubernetes.io/instance: web
template:
 metadata:
   labels:
     app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
     app.kubernetes.io/instance: web
 spec:
   serviceAccountName: web-nginx
   securityContext:
     {}
   containers:
        - name: nginx
       securityContext:
         {}
       image: "nginx:1.16.0"
       imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
       ports:
            - name: http
           containerPort: 80
           protocol: TCP
       livenessProbe:
         httpGet:
           path: /
           port: http
       readinessProbe:
         httpGet:
           path: /
           port: http
       resources:
         {}

一个 deployment.yaml 部署多个应用,有哪些字段需要修改:镜像、标签、副本数、资源限制、环境变量、端口、资源名称

helm 内置变量:

内置对象 Release 就是 Helm 的内置对象
Release.Name release 名称
Release.Time release 的时间
Release.Namespace release 的 namespace
Release.Service release 服务的名称
Release.Revision 此 release 的修订版本号,从 1 开始累加
Release.IsUpgrade 如果当前操作是升级或回滚,则将其设置为 true
Release.IsInstall 如果当前操作是安装,则设置为 true

Values 对象为 Chart 模板提供值,这个对象的值有 4 个来源:

  • chart 包中的 values.yaml 文件
  • 父 chart 包的 values.yaml 文件
  • 通过 helm install 或者 helm upgrade 的 -f 或者 --values 参数传入的自定义的 yaml 文件
  • 通过 --set 参数传入的值 chart 的 values.yaml 提供的值可以被用户提供的 values 文件覆盖,而该文件同样可以被 --set 提供的参数所覆盖

通过 charts 模板部署 nginx:

PASS

4.3.3 模板函数与管道

模板函数

从 .Values 中读取的值变成字符串,可以使用 quote 模板函数实现(templates/configmap.yaml)

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: {{ .Release.Name }}-configmap
data:
  myvalue: "Hello World"
  k8s: {{ quote .Values.course.k8s }}
  python: {{ .Values.course.python }}

模板函数遵循调用的语法为:functionName arg1 arg2...。在上面的模板文件中,quote .Values.course.k8s 调用 quote 函数并将后面的值作为一个参数传递给它。最终被渲染为:

$ helm install --dry-run --debug .
[debug] Created tunnel using local port: '39405'
......
---
# Source: mychart/templates/configmap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: masked-saola-configmap
data:
  myvalue: "Hello World"
  k8s: "devops"
  python: django

辅助模板

有时想在图表中创建一些可重复使用的部分,无论它们是块还是模板部分。通常,将它们保存在自己的文件中会更干净。在 templates/ 目录中,任何以下划线 _ 开头的文件都不会输出 Kubernetes 清单文件。所以按照惯例,辅助模板和部分被放置在一个 _helpers.tpl 文件中。

4.3.4 helm 流程控制

4.4 创建自己的 chart

链接

开发 Chart 大致流程:先创建模板 helm create demo 修改 Chart.yaml,Values.yaml,添加常用的变量,在 templates 目录下创建部署镜像所需要的 yaml 文件,并变量引用 yaml 里经常变动的字段。

创建模板

[root@master ~]#helm create demo
Creating demo
[root@master ~]#ls
demo
[root@master ~]#tree
.
└── demo
    ├── charts
    ├── Chart.yaml
    ├── templates
    │   ├── deployment.yaml
    │   ├── _helpers.tpl
    │   ├── hpa.yaml
    │   ├── ingress.yaml
    │   ├── NOTES.txt
    │   ├── serviceaccount.yaml
    │   ├── service.yaml
    │   └── tests
    │       └── test-connection.yaml
    └── values.yaml

4 directories, 10 files
[root@master ~]#cd demo/templates/
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#ls
deployment.yaml  hpa.yaml      NOTES.txt            service.yaml
_helpers.tpl     ingress.yaml  serviceaccount.yaml  tests
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#rm -rf *
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#ls
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#kubectl create deployment web --image=lizhenliang/java-demo --dry-run -o yaml > deployment.yaml
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#kubectl expose deployment web --port=80 --target-port=8080 --dry-run -o yaml > service.yaml
Error from server (NotFound): deployments.apps "web" not found
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#ls
deployment.yaml  service.yaml
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#vim ingress.yaml
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#cat ingress.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: rpdns.com
spec:
  rules:
  - host: paas.rpdns.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: java-demo 
          servicePort: 80
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#vim _helpers.tpl
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#cat _helpers.tpl
{{- define "demo.fullname" -}}
{{- .Chart.Name -}}-{{ .Release.Name }}
{{- end -}}
 
{{/*
公用标签
*/}}
{{- define "demo.labels" -}}
app: {{ template "demo.fullname" . }}
chart: "{{ .Chart.Name }}-{{ .Chart.Version }}"
release: "{{ .Release.Name }}"
{{- end -}}
 
{{/*
标签选择器
*/}}
{{- define "demo.selectorLabels" -}}
app: {{ template "demo.fullname" . }}
release: "{{ .Release.Name }}"
{{- end -}}
[root@master ~/demo/templates]#cd ..
[root@master ~/demo]#ls
charts  Chart.yaml  templates  values.yaml
[root@master ~/demo]#vim values.yaml 
[root@master ~/demo]#cat values.yaml
image:
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  repository: lizhenliang/java-demo
  tag: latest
imagePullSecrets: []
ingress:
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-body-size: 100m
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-connect-timeout: "600"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-read-timeout: "600"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-send-timeout: "600"
  enabled: true
  host: example.ctnrs.com
  tls:
    secretName: example-ctnrs-com-tls
nodeSelector: {}
replicaCount: 3
resources:
  limits:
    cpu: 1000m
    memory: 1Gi
  requests:
    cpu: 100m
    memory: 128Mi
service:
  port: 80
  type: ClusterIP
tolerations: []
[root@master ~/demo]#vim templates/deployment.yaml
# 修改应用,服务,代理的常量,采用变量的方式
[root@master ~/demo]#cat templates/deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: {{ include "demo.fullname" . }}
  labels:
    {{- include "demo.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
spec:
  replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }}
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      {{- include "demo.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }}
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        {{- include "demo.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }}
    spec:
    {{- with .Values.imagePullSecrets }}
      imagePullSecrets:
        {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }}
    {{- end }}
      containers:
        - name: {{ .Chart.Name }}
          image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag }}"
          imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }}
          ports:
            - name: http
              containerPort: 8080
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /
              port: http
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /
              port: http
          resources:
            {{- toYaml .Values.resources | nindent 12 }}
      {{- with .Values.nodeSelector }}
      nodeSelector:
        {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }}
      {{- end }}
      {{- with .Values.tolerations }}
      tolerations:
        {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }}
      {{- end }}
[root@master ~/demo]#vim templates/service.yaml
[root@master ~/demo]#cat templates/service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: {{ include "demo.fullname" . }}
  labels:
    {{- include "demo.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
spec:
  type: {{ .Values.service.type }}
  ports:
    - port: {{ .Values.service.port }}
      targetPort: http
      protocol: TCP
      name: http
  selector:
    {{- include "demo.selectorLabels" . | nindent 4 }}
[root@master ~/demo]#vim templates/ingress.yaml
[root@master ~/demo]#cat templates/ingress.yaml
{{- if .Values.ingress.enabled -}}
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: {{ include "demo.fullname" . }} 
  labels:
    {{- include "demo.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
  {{- with .Values.ingress.annotations }}
  annotations:
    {{- toYaml . | nindent 4 }}
  {{- end }}
spec:
{{- if .Values.ingress.tls }}
  tls:
    - hosts:
        - {{ .Values.ingress.host }} 
      secretName: {{ .Values.ingress.tls.secretName }}
{{- end }}
  rules:
    - host: {{ .Values.ingress.host }} 
      http:
        paths:
        - path: / 
          backend:
            serviceName: {{ include "demo.fullname" . }} 
            servicePort: {{ .Values.service.port }}
{{- end }}
[root@master ~/demo]#vim templates/NOTES.txt
# 加个说明
[root@master ~/demo]#cat templates/NOTES.txt
访问地址:
{{- if .Values.ingress.enabled }}
  http{{ if $.Values.ingress.tls }}s{{ end }}://{{ .Values.ingress.host }}
{{- end }}
{{- if contains "NodePort" .Values.service.type }}
  export NODE_PORT=$(kubectl get --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} -o jsonpath="{.spec.ports[0].nodePort}" services {{ include "demo.fullname" . }})
  export NODE_IP=$(kubectl get nodes --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} -o jsonpath="{.items[0].status.addresses[0].address}")
  echo http://$NODE_IP:$NODE_PORT
{{- end }}

# 查看项目编写的有没有问题
[root@master ~/demo]#helm install java-demo --dry-run ../demo/
NAME: java-demo
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Jun 22 23:50:29 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: pending-install
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
HOOKS:
MANIFEST:
---
# Source: demo/templates/service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: demo-java-demo
  labels:
    app: demo-java-demo
    chart: "demo-0.1.0"
    release: "java-demo"
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: http
      protocol: TCP
      name: http
  selector:
    app: demo-java-demo
    release: "java-demo"
---
# Source: demo/templates/deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: demo-java-demo
  labels:
    app: demo-java-demo
    chart: "demo-0.1.0"
    release: "java-demo"
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: demo-java-demo
      release: "java-demo"
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: demo-java-demo
        release: "java-demo"
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: demo
          image: "lizhenliang/java-demo:latest"
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          ports:
            - name: http
              containerPort: 8080
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /
              port: http
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /
              port: http
          resources:
            limits:
              cpu: 1000m
              memory: 1Gi
            requests:
              cpu: 100m
              memory: 128Mi
---
# Source: demo/templates/ingress.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: demo-java-demo 
  labels:
    app: demo-java-demo
    chart: "demo-0.1.0"
    release: "java-demo"
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-body-size: 100m
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-connect-timeout: "600"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-read-timeout: "600"
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-send-timeout: "600"
spec:
  tls:
    - hosts:
        - example.ctnrs.com 
      secretName: example-ctnrs-com-tls
  rules:
    - host: example.ctnrs.com 
      http:
        paths:
        - path: / 
          backend:
            serviceName: demo-java-demo 
            servicePort: 80

NOTES:
访问地址:
  https://example.ctnrs.com
[root@master ~/demo]#helm install java-demo  ../demo/
NAME: java-demo
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Jun 22 23:50:49 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
访问地址:
  https://example.ctnrs.com
  
# 运行项目,默认是没有暴露 service 应用的  
[root@master ~/demo]#helm upgrade java-demo --set service.type=NodePort   ../demo/
Release "java-demo" has been upgraded. Happy Helming!
NAME: java-demo
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Jun 22 23:50:58 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 2
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
访问地址:
  https://example.ctnrs.com
  export NODE_PORT=$(kubectl get --namespace default -o jsonpath="{.spec.ports[0].nodePort}" services demo-java-demo)
  export NODE_IP=$(kubectl get nodes --namespace default -o jsonpath="{.items[0].status.addresses[0].address}")
  echo http://$NODE_IP:$NODE_PORT
  
# 更新,暴露该应用
[root@master ~/demo]#helm upgrade java-demo --set service.type=NodePort ../demo/

# 修改副本数
[root@master ~/demo]#helm upgrade java-demo --set replicaCount=2 ../demo/

[root@master ~/demo]#kubectl get pods,svc -o wide
......

[root@master ~/demo]#kubectl get ingress

# 访问浏览器验证 demo java 运行情况

我遇到的状况
kubectl describe pod ***

Events:
  Type     Reason                    Age        From               Message
  ----     ------                    ----       ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled                 <unknown>  default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/demo-java-demo-7d6c585c5-cfz6q to node01
  Warning  FailedCreatePodContainer  18m        kubelet, node01    unable to ensure pod container exists: failed to create container for [kubepods burstable pode116a439-29ca-4685-9364-4277e577ee31] : failed to write 1 to memory.kmem.limit_in_bytes: write /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/kubepods/burstable/pode116a439-29ca-4685-9364-4277e577ee31/memory.kmem.limit_in_bytes: operation not supported
  Normal   Pulling                   18m        kubelet, node01    Pulling image "lizhenliang/java-demo:latest"
  
# pod 无法运行,因为我用的 containerd 作为容器引擎,仓库中没有这个镜像。

4.5 使用 Harbor 作为 Chart 仓库

4.5.1 安装 Harbor

# 安装 docker(17.06.0+) 版本以上
[root@c7-4 ~]#cat docker.sh 
#!/bin/bash

#环境配置
systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld
setenforce 0

#安装依赖包
yum -y install yum-utils device-mapper-persistemt-data lvm2

#设置阿里云镜像源
cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

#安装 docker-ce 社区版(企业版叫 docker-ee,收费)
yum -y install docker-ce

#配置阿里云镜像加速(尽量使用自己的)
#地址 https://help.aliyun.com/document_detail/60750.html
sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://4iv7219l.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload

#网络优化
cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf <<EOF
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
EOF

sysctl -p
systemctl restart network
systemctl enable docker && systemctl restart docker
[root@c7-4 ~]#bash docker.sh
[root@c7-4 ~]#systemctl status docker

# 安装 docker-compose
[root@c7-4 ~]#wget http://101.34.22.188/docker-compose/docker-compose -P /usr/local/bin
.....
[root@c7-4 ~]#chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
[root@c7-4 ~]#docker-compose -v
docker-compose version 1.21.1, build 5a3f1a3

# 安装 harbor
[root@c7-4 ~]#wget http://101.34.22.188/harbor/harbor-offline-installer-v1.9.2.tgz -P /opt
.....
[root@c7-4 ~]#cd /opt
[root@c7-4 /opt]#ls
harbor-offline-installer-v1.9.2.tgz  rh
[root@c7-4 /opt]#tar zxvf harbor-offline-installer-v1.9.2.tgz -C /usr/local/
.....
[root@c7-4 /usr/local/harbor]#ls
harbor.v1.9.2.tar.gz  harbor.yml  install.sh  LICENSE  prepare
[root@c7-4 /opt]#vim /usr/local/harbor/harbor.yml
#5行,修改设置为 Harbor 服务器的 IP 地址或者域名
hostname = 192.168.10.50
#59行,指定管理员的初始密码,默认的用户名/密码是 admin/Harbor12345
harbor_admin_password = Harbor12345

4.5.2 启用 Harbor 的 Chart 仓库服务

# --with-chartmuseum 启用后,默认创建的项目就带有 helm charts 功能了
[root@c7-4 /usr/local/harbor]#./install.sh --with-chartmuseum
......
......
✔ ----Harbor has been installed and started successfully.----

Now you should be able to visit the admin portal at http://192.168.10.50. 
For more details, please visit https://github.com/goharbor/harbor .

浏览器访问:http://192.168.10.50/ 登录 harbor web ui 界面,默认的管理员用户名和密码是 admin/Harbor12345

创建项目 javademo,公开

1655950554480

4.5.3 安装 push 插件

链接

[root@master ~]#wget http://49.232.8.65/helm/plugin/helm-push_0.10.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz
......
[root@master ~]#ls
demo  helm-push_0.10.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz
[root@master ~]#mkdir -p helm-push/
[root@master ~]#tar -xzf helm-push_0.10.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz -C helm-push/
[root@master ~]#helm env
HELM_BIN="helm"
HELM_CACHE_HOME="/root/.cache/helm"
HELM_CONFIG_HOME="/root/.config/helm"
HELM_DATA_HOME="/root/.local/share/helm"
HELM_DEBUG="false"
HELM_KUBEAPISERVER=""
HELM_KUBEASGROUPS=""
HELM_KUBEASUSER=""
HELM_KUBECAFILE=""
HELM_KUBECONTEXT=""
HELM_KUBETOKEN=""
HELM_MAX_HISTORY="10"
HELM_NAMESPACE="default"
HELM_PLUGINS="/root/.local/share/helm/plugins"
HELM_REGISTRY_CONFIG="/root/.config/helm/registry.json"
HELM_REPOSITORY_CACHE="/root/.cache/helm/repository"
HELM_REPOSITORY_CONFIG="/root/.config/helm/repositories.yaml"
[root@master ~]#ls
demo  helm-push  helm-push_0.10.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz
[root@master ~]#cd helm-push/
[root@master ~/helm-push]#ls
bin  LICENSE  plugin.yaml
[root@master ~/helm-push]#mkdir -p /root/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push
[root@master ~/helm-push]#chmod +x bin/*
[root@master ~/helm-push]#mv bin/ plugin.yaml /root/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push[root@master ~/helm-push]#helm plugin list
NAME   	VERSION	DESCRIPTION                      
cm-push	0.10.1 	Push chart package to ChartMuseum

4.5.4 添加 repo

# 我的 harbor 是用的 http 登录,先创建 mychart 项目
[root@master ~]#helm repo add harbor_lc_chart --username admin --password Harbor12345 http://192.168.10.50/chartrepo/mychart
"harbor_lc_chart" has been added to your repositories

仓库地址格式为:http(s)//{harbor 域名或iP:端口(如果默认443 或80 可不加)}/chartrepo/{mychart}
确认你启动仓库 harbor 配置的是 https 还是 http 如果是 http 上面的命令可以执行成功,如果是 https 还需带上 ca 证书,启动 harbor 用的服务器证书和密钥如下:

helm repo add --ca-file harbor.devopstack.cn.cert --cert-file harbor.devopstack.cn.crt --key-file harbor.devopstack.cn.key --username admin --password Harbor12345 myrepo https://192.168.10.20:443/chartrepo/chart/

查看

[root@master ~]#helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "harbor_lc_chart" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "stable" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "azure" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
[root@master ~]#helm repo list
NAME           	URL                                                   
stable         	https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
azure          	http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts              
harbor_lc_chart	http://192.168.10.50/chartrepo/mychart

4.5.5 配置好 harbor 到 k8s/k3s 集群的 insecure-registry

https 访问的 harbor 需要。

参考:配置好 harbor 到 k8s 集群的 insecure-registry

4.5.6 推送与安装 Chart

[root@master ~]#helm package demo/
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/demo-0.1.0.tgz
[root@master ~]#ls
demo  demo-0.1.0.tgz  helm-push  helm-push_0.10.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz
[root@master ~]#helm cm-push demo-0.1.0.tgz --username=admin --password=Harbor12345 http://192.168.10.50/chartrepo/mychart
Pushing demo-0.1.0.tgz to http://192.168.10.50/chartrepo/mychart...
Done.

1655953660016

可以看到 chart 包已经推送到 harbor 仓库。

[root@master ~]#helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "harbor_lc_chart" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "stable" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "azure" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
[root@master ~]#helm search repo harbor_lc_chart/demo
NAME                	CHART VERSION	APP VERSION	DESCRIPTION                
harbor_lc_chart/demo	0.1.0        	1.16.0     	A Helm chart for Kubernetes

# 拉取到本地部署
[root@master ~]#helm pull --version 0.1.0 harbor_lc_chart/demo
......
[root@master ~]#helm install web demo-0.1.0.tgz -n default
......

# 在线部署
[root@master ~]#helm install web --version 0.1.0 harbor_lc_chart/demo -n default
......

posted @ 2022-06-23 11:20  公博义  阅读(1802)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报