构建docker镜像
一、基于容器生成镜像
基于容器生成镜像,实际上就是在某一个容器中添加一些功能,然后再生成新的镜像,例如下面这是linux上已经存在的镜像:
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker image ls REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE centos latest 470671670cac 10 days ago 237MB hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 13 months ago 1.84kB
现在,在centos镜像的容器中添加vim功能然后生成新的镜像:
1、运行centos镜像
需要使用交互式的运行命令:
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker run -it centos [root@68804cc4767f /]#
2、安装vim
注意此时已经进入到容器内部,在容器内安装vim:
[root@68804cc4767f /]# yum install -y vim
3、查看容器
这样完成vim的安装,退出该容器,并且查看刚刚创建的容器:
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker container ls -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 68804cc4767f centos "/bin/bash" 3 minutes ago Exited (0) 21 seconds ago interesting_wu
4、提交容器
提交刚刚做过改变的容器,使其成为新的镜像:
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker commit interesting_wu shenjianping0307/centos-vim sha256:731f454d1dd9420fed08eeec499285908d69d33541acc22b7eb4a454b4e9b9e8 #注意 #其中interesting_wu 为容器的Name #centos-vim为镜像的名称
5、查看镜像
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker image ls REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE shenjianping0307/centos-vim latest 731f454d1dd9 2 minutes ago 298MB centos latest 470671670cac 10 days ago 237MB
6、基础镜像与新建镜像的比较
基础镜像是centos,自己制作的镜像的centos-vim,它们之间有什么区别呢?自己制作的镜像实际上就是在基础镜像的基础上添加了一层,也就是vim。
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker history 470671670cac #base镜像layer IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT 470671670cac 10 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin/bash"] 0B <missing> 10 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) LABEL org.label-schema.sc… 0B <missing> 13 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:aa54047c80ba30064… 237MB [vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker history 731f454d1dd9 #新建镜像layer IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT 731f454d1dd9 6 minutes ago /bin/bash 60.4MB 470671670cac 10 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin/bash"] 0B <missing> 10 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) LABEL org.label-schema.sc… 0B <missing> 13 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:aa54047c80ba30064… 237MB
二、基于Dockerfile生成镜像
(一)Dockerfile初体验
首先先删掉之前创建的centos-vim镜像
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker image rm 731f454d1dd9 Untagged: shenjianping0307/centos-vim:latest Deleted: sha256:731f454d1dd9420fed08eeec499285908d69d33541acc22b7eb4a454b4e9b9e8 Deleted: sha256:6626f7fa820cd657070d377576e7deda5e6285f949c506fb2c045735499989e3
1、创建Dockerfile文件
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ mkdir centos-vim #创建文件夹 [vagrant@localhost ~]$ cd centos-vim/ #进入文件夹 [vagrant@localhost centos-vim]$ vim Dockerfile #编写Dockerfile
Dockerfile中的文件内容为:
FROM centos
RUN yum install -y vim
2、生成镜像
[vagrant@localhost centos-vim]$ docker build -t shenjianping0307/centos-vim . #说明 #1、-t是tag标签的意思 #2、.表示在当前目录下执行Dockerfile
3、查看镜像
[vagrant@localhost centos-vim]$ docker image ls REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE shenjianping0307/centos-vim latest 0a5f18d9f786 56 seconds ago 298MB centos latest 470671670cac 10 days ago 237MB
(二)详解Dockerfile
1、FROM
FROM关键字用于该镜像的基础镜像
FROM scratch #不依赖于任何的基础镜像,从头开始 FROM centos #依赖于centos基础镜像 FROM ubuntu:14.04 #依赖于指定版本的ubuntu的基础镜像
2、LABEL
对镜像的一些说明信息
LABEL maintainer "xxx@g.mail" #作者信息 LABEL version = "1.0" #版本信息 LABEL description = "This is description" #描述信息
3、RUN
执行的命令,每执行一次就会生成一层layer
RUN yum update && yum install -y vim \ #反斜线表示换行,无用分层,合并多条命令
4、WORKDIR
设定工作目录,类似于cd
WORKDIR /a #如果没有会自动创建a目录 WORKDIR test RUN pwd #输出是/a/test
注意:尽量使用WORKDIR,避免使用RUN cd命令,尽量使用绝对目录。
5、ADD、COPY
这两个命令都是将本地文件加入到镜像中,那么它们的区别是什么呢?
ADD不仅可以将本地文件添加到镜像中,并且可以对文件进行解压,COPY是达不到这点的。
ADD t1.txt / #将本地文件t1.txt添加到镜像根目录中 ADD t1.tar.gz #添加到根目录并且解压 WORKDIR /root ADD t1 test/ #将t1添加至 /root/test/ 下 WORKDIR /root COPY t1 test/ #将t1添加至 /root/test/ 下
大部分情况下,COPY由于ADD,除了ADD有解压缩的功能除外。ADD和COPY都是添加本地文件,如果获取远程文件,可通过RUN curl 或者RUN wget完成。
6、ENV
设置环境变量
ENV MYSQL_VERSION 5.6 #设置常量 RUN apt-get install -y mysql-server = "${MYSQL_VERSION}" \ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* #引用常量
使用ENV利于维护性。
7、RUN、CMD、ENTRYPOINT
- RUN 执行命令并创建新的Image Layer
- CMD 设置容器启动后默认执行的命令和参数(如果docker run指定了其它命令,CMD命令被忽略;定义多个CMD,只会执行最后一个)
- ENTRYPOINT 设置容器启动时运行的命令
在此之前需要说明一下Shell格式和EXec格式的命令
ENV MYSQL_VERSION 5.6 #设置常量 RUN apt-get install -y mysql-server = "${MYSQL_VERSION}" \ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* #引用常量 Shell和Exec格式 Shell格式 RUN apt-get install -y vim CMD echo "hello docker" ENTRYPOINT echo "hello docker" Exec格式 RUN ["apt-get", "install", "-y", "vim"] CMD ["/bin/echo", "hello docker"] ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/echo", "hello docker"]
这里分别以Shell格式和Exec格式命令来进行制作镜像
(1)Shell格式的Dockerfile
FROM centos ENV name Docker CMD echo "Hello $name"
然后进行制作镜像:
[vagrant@localhost test-command]$ docker build -t shenjianping0307/centos-cmd . Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kB Step 1/3 : FROM centos ---> 470671670cac Step 2/3 : ENV name Docker ---> Running in 0a09ef3c9ff3 Removing intermediate container 0a09ef3c9ff3 ---> e5aca6e78cba Step 3/3 : CMD echo "Hello $name" ---> Running in bf73cf74e082 Removing intermediate container bf73cf74e082 ---> 4f11efce0c70 Successfully built 4f11efce0c70 Successfully tagged shenjianping0307/centos-cmd:latest
显然执行这个镜像是可以成功的:
[vagrant@localhost test-command]$ docker run shenjianping0307/centos-cmd
Hello Docker
(2)Exec格式的Dockerfile
FROM centos ENV name Docker ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/echo","hello $name"]
然后制作镜像:
[vagrant@localhost test-command]$ docker build -t shenjianping0307/centos-entrypoint . Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kB Step 1/3 : FROM centos ---> 470671670cac Step 2/3 : ENV name Docker ---> Using cache ---> e5aca6e78cba Step 3/3 : ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/echo","hello $name"] ---> Running in 406fca203d44 Removing intermediate container 406fca203d44 ---> 12eab087ba3c Successfully built 12eab087ba3c Successfully tagged shenjianping0307/centos-entrypoint:latest
可以看到这个执行的结果是失败的:
[vagrant@localhost test-command]$ docker run shenjianping0307/centos-entrypoint
hello $name
它没有将$name这个变量给替换出来,因为Exec执行的命令单纯的就是echo命令,没有在shell的环境下。
那么可以怎样修改就使得结果可行呢?修改Dockerfile文件:
FROM centos ENV name Docker ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/bash","-c","echo hello $name"] #-c指定后面的都是命令参数
然后生成镜像,再执行就ok了。
总结:
#CMD a、容器启动时的默认执行命令 b、如果docker run 后有其他命令,CMD命令将被忽略 c、如果有多个CMD命令,只会执行最后一个CMD #ENTRYPOINT a、让容器以应用程序或者服务形式运行(比如启动数据库服务等) b、不会被忽略,一定会执行
#覆盖掉CMD命令 [vagrant@localhost test-command]$ docker run -it shenjianping0307/centos-cmd /bin/bash [root@72379708f335 /]# #ENTRYPOINT一定会执行 [vagrant@localhost test-command]$ docker run -it shenjianping0307/centos-entrypoint-new /bin/bash hello Docker
(三)容器命令
1、后台运行(-d参数)
[root@localhost vagrant]# docker run -d hello-world 9ab69b8a51ea4a103f9fdf5230dfb09314958d3dd1797739eeb4a61cfea1adf3
通过-d参数指定容器后台运行,返回容器的ID
2、exec
这个命令可以对已经正在运行的容器进行操作,包括进入到容器内部进行查看日志等信息(这个命令就是对运行中的容器执行某个命令)
[root@localhost vagrant]# docker exec -it 9ab69b8a51ea4a103f9fdf5230dfb09314958d3dd1797739eeb4a61cfea1adf3 /bin/bash
3、停止容器运行(stop)
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker stop 9ab6
4、查看正在运行的容器
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker ps
5、查看已经退出的容器
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker ps -a
6、获取容器的ID
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker ps -aq
88b0da62d57d
7、删掉所有退出状态的容器
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker rm $(docker ps -aq)
8、容器命名(--name)
如果不规定容器名称就会随机分配一个名称,但是可以通过--name参数指定名称
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker run -d --name=hello hello-world #容器的名称就是hello,后续可以通过docker start hello;docker stop hello来操作容器
9、容器信息(inspect)
容器的一些信息,包括ID,created,网络等信息。
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ docker inspect 88b0da62d57d
[ { "Id": "88b0da62d57dd4bdace11fa32713be90209a4e5024d855875a2a197238fae917", "Created": "2020-01-29T13:08:32.740086073Z", "Path": "/hello", "Args": [], "State": { "Status": "exited", "Running": false, "Paused": false, "Restarting": false, "OOMKilled": false, "Dead": false, "Pid": 0, "ExitCode": 0, "Error": "", "StartedAt": "2020-01-29T13:08:34.240609354Z", "FinishedAt": "2020-01-29T13:08:34.162986756Z" }, "Image": "sha256:fce289e99eb9bca977dae136fbe2a82b6b7d4c372474c9235adc1741675f587e", "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/88b0da62d57dd4bdace11fa32713be90209a4e5024d855875a2a197238fae917/resolv.conf", "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/88b0da62d57dd4bdace11fa32713be90209a4e5024d855875a2a197238fae917/hostname", "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/88b0da62d57dd4bdace11fa32713be90209a4e5024d855875a2a197238fae917/hosts", "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/88b0da62d57dd4bdace11fa32713be90209a4e5024d855875a2a197238fae917/88b0da62d57dd4bdace11fa32713be90209a4e5024d855875a2a197238fae917-json.log", "Name": "/blissful_easley", "RestartCount": 0, "Driver": "overlay2", "Platform": "linux", "MountLabel": "", "ProcessLabel": "", "AppArmorProfile": "", "ExecIDs": null, "HostConfig": { "Binds": null, "ContainerIDFile": "", "LogConfig": { "Type": "json-file", "Config": {} }, "NetworkMode": "default", "PortBindings": {}, "RestartPolicy": { "Name": "no", "MaximumRetryCount": 0 }, "AutoRemove": false, "VolumeDriver": "", "VolumesFrom": null, "CapAdd": null, "CapDrop": null, "Capabilities": null, "Dns": [], "DnsOptions": [], "DnsSearch": [], "ExtraHosts": null, "GroupAdd": null, "IpcMode": "private", "Cgroup": "", "Links": null, "OomScoreAdj": 0, "PidMode": "", "Privileged": false, "PublishAllPorts": false, "ReadonlyRootfs": false, "SecurityOpt": null, "UTSMode": "", "UsernsMode": "", "ShmSize": 67108864, "Runtime": "runc", "ConsoleSize": [ 0, 0 ], "Isolation": "", "CpuShares": 0, "Memory": 0, "NanoCpus": 0, "CgroupParent": "", "BlkioWeight": 0, "BlkioWeightDevice": [], "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null, "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null, "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null, "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null, "CpuPeriod": 0, "CpuQuota": 0, "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0, "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0, "CpusetCpus": "", "CpusetMems": "", "Devices": [], "DeviceCgroupRules": null, "DeviceRequests": null, "KernelMemory": 0, "KernelMemoryTCP": 0, "MemoryReservation": 0, "MemorySwap": 0, "MemorySwappiness": null, "OomKillDisable": false, "PidsLimit": null, "Ulimits": null, "CpuCount": 0, "CpuPercent": 0, "IOMaximumIOps": 0, "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0, "MaskedPaths": [ "/proc/asound", "/proc/acpi", "/proc/kcore", "/proc/keys", "/proc/latency_stats", "/proc/timer_list", "/proc/timer_stats", "/proc/sched_debug", "/proc/scsi", "/sys/firmware" ], "ReadonlyPaths": [ "/proc/bus", "/proc/fs", "/proc/irq", "/proc/sys", "/proc/sysrq-trigger" ] }, "GraphDriver": { "Data": { "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c2e06ee78c34f087122e5d228f0992262a6ecc04c696722a5704a4b777b91dda-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d9962cd997ab1fe909b3ba671af6f3a1b422ba7d49145b04736c5727d847c52d/diff", "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c2e06ee78c34f087122e5d228f0992262a6ecc04c696722a5704a4b777b91dda/merged", "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c2e06ee78c34f087122e5d228f0992262a6ecc04c696722a5704a4b777b91dda/diff", "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c2e06ee78c34f087122e5d228f0992262a6ecc04c696722a5704a4b777b91dda/work" }, "Name": "overlay2" }, "Mounts": [], "Config": { "Hostname": "88b0da62d57d", "Domainname": "", "User": "", "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Tty": false, "OpenStdin": false, "StdinOnce": false, "Env": [ "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" ], "Cmd": [ "/hello" ], "Image": "hello-world", "Volumes": null, "WorkingDir": "", "Entrypoint": null, "OnBuild": null, "Labels": {} }, "NetworkSettings": { "Bridge": "", "SandboxID": "d38a7ac6dd5469d8964a81f16021bbc06ac87266eafc2c20bec29845898ff0e0", "HairpinMode": false, "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "", "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0, "Ports": {}, "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/d38a7ac6dd54", "SecondaryIPAddresses": null, "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null, "EndpointID": "", "Gateway": "", "GlobalIPv6Address": "", "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0, "IPAddress": "", "IPPrefixLen": 0, "IPv6Gateway": "", "MacAddress": "", "Networks": { "bridge": { "IPAMConfig": null, "Links": null, "Aliases": null, "NetworkID": "738605add8227bd6f264a8c21a14dff43d797f1d0bba0a3ff5ce069d319fc127", "EndpointID": "", "Gateway": "", "IPAddress": "", "IPPrefixLen": 0, "IPv6Gateway": "", "GlobalIPv6Address": "", "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0, "MacAddress": "", "DriverOpts": null } } } } ]
三、实战
(一)运行Web程序
1、新建Web文件夹
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ mkdir Web
2、建立app.py文件以及Dockerfile文件
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ cd Web/
[vagrant@localhost Web]$ touch app.py
[vagrant@localhost Web]$ touch Dockerfile
[vagrant@localhost Web]$ ls
app.py Dockerfile
3、app.py中写入web程序
from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def test(): return "test" if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(host="0.0.0.0",port=5000)
4、编写Dockerfile文件
FROM python:2.7 #基础镜像 LABEL maintainer="shenjianping0307@gmail.com" #作者信息 RUN pip install flask #运行环境所需要的包 COPY app.py /app/ #将本地文件拷贝到镜像app目录下中 /app/app.py WORKDIR /app #进入到工作目录,相当于cd /app/ ,否则CMD命令找不到可执行文件app.py EXPOSE 5000 #暴露端口 CMD ["python","app.py"] #运行文件,相当于python app.py
5、生成镜像
[vagrant@localhost Web]$ docker build -t shenjianping0307/app .
(二)stress工具
1、容器中安装stress
- 下载ubuntu镜像
[root@localhost Web]# docker pull ubuntu
- 运行ubuntu镜像
[root@localhost Web]# docker run -it ubuntu root@fd1ab8e81c64:/#
- 容器中安装stress工具
root@fd1ab8e81c64:/# apt-get update && apt-get install -y stress
安装完毕后可以看到安装成功:
root@fd1ab8e81c64:/# which stress /usr/bin/stress
另外,可以看看stress的命令:
root@fd1ab8e81c64:/# stress --help
Usage: stress [OPTION [ARG]] ... -?, --help show this help statement --version show version statement -v, --verbose be verbose -q, --quiet be quiet -n, --dry-run show what would have been done -t, --timeout N timeout after N seconds --backoff N wait factor of N microseconds before work starts -c, --cpu N spawn N workers spinning on sqrt() -i, --io N spawn N workers spinning on sync() -m, --vm N spawn N workers spinning on malloc()/free() --vm-bytes B malloc B bytes per vm worker (default is 256MB) --vm-stride B touch a byte every B bytes (default is 4096) --vm-hang N sleep N secs before free (default none, 0 is inf) --vm-keep redirty memory instead of freeing and reallocating -d, --hdd N spawn N workers spinning on write()/unlink() --hdd-bytes B write B bytes per hdd worker (default is 1GB)
- 进行测试
root@fd1ab8e81c64:/# stress --vm 1 --verbose #注意: #--vm表示起的进程有几个 默认的大小是256M #--verbose 详细的日志
2、Dockerfile制作stress工具
- 创建Dockerfile文件
[root@localhost vagrant]# mkdir ubuntu-stress [root@localhost vagrant]# cd ubuntu-stress/ [root@localhost ubuntu-stress]# touch Dockerfile #创建Dockerfile文件
- 写入内容
FROM ubuntu RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y install stress ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/stress"] CMD [] #参数,例如--vm之类的
- 生成镜像
[root@localhost ubuntu-stress]# docker build -t shenjianping0307/ubuntu-stress .
- 运行镜像
[root@localhost ubuntu-stress]# docker run -it shenjianping0307/ubuntu-stress --vm 1 stress: info: [1] dispatching hogs: 0 cpu, 0 io, 1 vm, 0 hdd