英文论文写作中一些可能用到的词汇
英文论文写作过程中总是被自己可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这里记录一些在阅读论文过程中见到的一些自己不曾见过的词句或用法。这些词句查词典都很容易查到，但是只有带入论文原文中才能体会内涵。毕竟原文和译文中间总是存在一条看不见的思想鸿沟。
形容词
1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫无特色的. ordinary; not special in any way.
2. crucial: adj. 至关重要的, 关键性的.
3. parsimonious：adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, 小气的.
e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.
4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形色色的.
5. intriguing: adj. 非常有趣的, 引人入胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇心; 秘密策划(加害他人), 密谋.
e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.
6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表示, 暗示.
e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.
7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.
e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...
8. abundant: adj. 大量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.
9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.
e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.
10.concrete: adj. 混凝土制的; 确实的, 具体的(而非想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.
e.g. ... as a concrete example ...
e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...
11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧言令色的, 花言巧语的.
e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.
12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎无所不在的;十分普遍的.
e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.
13. disparate: adj. 由不同的人(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;无法比较的.
e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...
14. profound: adj. 巨大的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; 玄奥的.
e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.
15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.
e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders $g_1, g_2$ can be blurry.
16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可用某种方式处理的.
e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.
17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精心制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精心制作
e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.
18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的；核心的
e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.
19. eminent: adj. 卓越的，著名的，显赫的;非凡的;杰出的
e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.
20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的人或物
e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.
21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的
e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.
22. prevalent: adj. 流行的;盛行的;普遍存在的
e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution
23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸角;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分
e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.
24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的
e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.
25. substantial: adj. 大量的;价值巨大的;重大的;大而坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. 非常;大大地;基本上;大体上;总的来说
26. cogent: adj. 有说服力的;令人信服的
e.g. The explanatory subgraph $G_s$ emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.
27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简而言之，简明扼要地
28. concrete: adj. 混凝土制的;确实的，具体的(而非想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地
29. predominant：adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛行的;占优势的
30. de facto: adj. 实际上存在的(不一定合法) adv. 实际上，事实上
e.g. GNNs, inheriting from the power of neural networks, have recently become the de facto standard for machine learning with graph-structured data.
31. evident: adj. 明显的; 显而易见的; 显然的; 清楚的
32. cumbersome： adj. 大而笨重的; 累赘的; 难以携带的; 缓慢复杂的; 冗长的; 复杂的
33. opaque: adj. 不透明的;不透光的;浑浊的;难懂;模糊;隐晦;不清楚 n. 不透明;晦暗;[建]遮檐;遮光涂料
34. rigorous： adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的
动词
1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)
e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.
2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.
e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.
3. endeavor: n./v. 努力, 尽力, 企图, 试图.
e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.
4. augment: v. 增加, 提高, 扩大. n. 增加, 补充物.
e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.
5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成立, 设立.
6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.
e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.
7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.
e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter $g_α(\Delta)f$ entails applying the Laplacian $r$ times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in $O(rn)$ operations.
8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(大量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.
e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.
e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.
9. reveal: v. 揭示, 显示, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展示.
10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.
e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).
11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.
12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某人), 研究, 调查.
e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.
13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断而)停止工作.
e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network $f_q$ implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.
14. magnify: v. 放大, 扩大; 增强; 夸大(重要性或严重性); 夸张.
e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.
15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕行.
e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...
16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.
e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.
17. exploit: v. 利用(…为自己谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运用, 利用; 发挥.
e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.
18. regulate: v. (用规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压力、温度等).
e.g. ... where $b >0$ is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.
19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.
e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.
20. portray: 描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给人以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某角色).
e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.
21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执行令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.
e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以用来检测支持高阶模型的相关性的统计方法外, ...)
22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全行排满; 使每行排齐.
e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.
23. hinder: v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; 鼓励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他人子女一段时间))
e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.
24. instantiate: v. 例示；用具体例子说明.
e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...
25. favor: v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善行, 恩惠.
26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效力.
e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.
27. elucidate: v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.
e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.
28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使人不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).
e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.
29. compel: v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).
30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指人的感情或态度); (用仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)口径
e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.
31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.
e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.
32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;小品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述
e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.
33. underscore： v. 在…下面划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线
e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.
34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露
e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.
35. coincide: v. 同时发生;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠
e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.
36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be
37. encapsulate: v. 概括;压缩;简述
e.g. Contrarily, only one work does not encapsulate their definition into the optimisation of a certain loss function.
名词
1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能力; 领悟(或理解、办事)能力; 职位, 职责.
e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).
2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作用、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.
e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth $d$ and width $w$ of GNN that do not use a readout function.
3. trade-off: (在需要而又相互对立的两者间的)权衡, 协调.
e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.
4. cornerstone: n. 基石; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱石.
5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).
e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.
6. folklore: n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.
e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.
7. impediment: n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; 口吃.
e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.
8. obstacle: n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚石; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.
e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.
9. vicinity: n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.
e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.
10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学生记的)过失分
e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another
介/副/连词
1. notwithstanding: prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.
e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.
2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然
e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.
3. Hitherto: adv. 迄今;直到某时
e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.
短语
1. in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简言之, 一言以蔽之.
e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...
2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.
3. on-the-fly: 动态的(地), 运行中的(地).
4. shed light on/into: 揭示, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明白; 照亮.
e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.
e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...
5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.
e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.
6. for the sake of: 为了.
e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.
7. dates back to: 追溯到.
e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).
8. carry out: 实施, 执行, 实行.
e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.
9. lay beyond the reach of: ...能力达不到
e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.
10. account for: ( 数量或比例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某人)对(行动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列入(预算).
e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.
11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…一起, 跟…一起.
e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.
12. dates back to: 可追溯到.
e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...
13. to this end: 为此目的;为此计;为了达到这个目标.
e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.
14. Unless stated otherwise: 除非另有说明.
e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic $f(x, y) = x^TWy$, set the batch size to $128$ and the learning rate to $10^{−4}$.
15. As a reference point: 作为参照.
e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.
16. through the lens of: 透过镜头. (以...视角)
e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.
17. in accordance with: 符合；依照；和…一致.
e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.
It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.
18. be akin to: 近似, 类似, 类似于.
e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.
19. to name a few: 仅举几例;举几个来说.
e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.
20. a handful of: 一把;一小撮;少数
e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.
21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫
e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.
22. apart from: 除了
e.g. We further posit that apart from node $a$ node $b$ has $k$ neighboring nodes.
