Beautifulsoup模块
一、介绍
Beautiful Soup是一个可以从HTML或XML文件中提取数据的python库。它能够通过你喜欢的转换器实现惯用的文档导航,查找,修改文档的方式。Beautiful Soup会帮你节省数小时甚至数天的工作时间。官网推荐在现在的项目中使用Beautiful Soup4,移植到BS4
# 安装 Beautiful Soup pip install beautifulsoup4 # 安装解析器 Beautiful Soup支持python标准库中的HTML解析器,还支持一些第三方的解析器,其中一个是lxml。根据操作系统不同,可以选择下列方法来安装lxml: $ apt-get install Python-lxml $ easy_install lxml $ pip install lxml、 另一个可供选择的解析器是纯Python实现的 html5lib , html5lib的解析方式与浏览器相同,可以选择下列方法来安装html5lib: $ apt-get install Python-html5lib $ easy_install html5lib $ pip install html5lib
下表列出了主要的解析器,以及它们的优缺点,官网推荐使用lxml作为解析器,因为效率更高。
解析器 | 使用方法 | 优势 | 劣势 |
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Python标准库 | BeautifulSoup(markup, "html.parser") |
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lxml HTML 解析器 | BeautifulSoup(markup, "lxml") |
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lxml XML 解析器 |
BeautifulSoup(markup, ["lxml", "xml"]) BeautifulSoup(markup, "xml") |
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html5lib | BeautifulSoup(markup, "html5lib") |
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二、基本使用
html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ #基本使用:容错处理,文档的容错能力指的是在html代码不完整的情况下,使用该模块可以识别该错误。使用BeautifulSoup解析上述代码,能够得到一个 BeautifulSoup 的对象,并能按照标准的缩进格式的结构输出 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup=BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') #具有容错功能 res=soup.prettify() #处理好缩进,结构化显示 print(res)
三、标签选择器
# 1 标签选择器:即直接通过标签名字选择,选择速度快,如果存在多个相同的标签则只返回第一个
# 2 获取标签的名称
# 3 获取标签的属性
# 4 获取标签的内容
# 5 嵌套选择
# 6 子节点、子孙节点
# 7 父节点、祖先节点
# 8 兄弟标签
html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie " class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie " class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie " class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') print(soup) print(soup.prettify()) # 容错处理,自动补全代码来展示 # 标签选择器:速度快,查找有局限性 print(soup.p) # 只找第一个 # 支持嵌套查找 print(soup.p.b) # 查找标签的属性 print(soup.a.attrs) # 查找标签的内容 print(soup.a.text) print(soup.a.get_text()) print(soup.a.string) # 查找标签的标签名 print(soup.a.name) # 查找子节点 print(list(soup.p.children)) print(soup.p.contents) # 查找子孙节点 print(list(soup.b.descendants)) # 查找父节点 print(soup.a.parent) # 查找祖先节点 print(list(soup.a.parents)) # 兄弟节点 print(soup.a.next_siblings) # 得到生成器对象 print(soup.a.previous_siblings) # 得到生成器对象
四、标准选择器
# find与findall:用法完全一样,可根据标签名,属性,内容查找文档,但是find只找第一个元素
html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie " class="sister" id="link1"><span>Elsie</span></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie " class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie " class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') # 按照标签名查找 print(soup.find_all('a')) print(soup.find_all('a',id='link3')) print(soup.find_all('a',id='link3',attrs={'class':"sister"})) print(soup.find_all('a')[0].find('span')) # 嵌套查找 # 按照属性查找 print(soup.p.find_all(attrs={'id':'link1'})) # 等同于print(soup.find_all(id='link1')) print(soup.p.find_all(attrs={'class':'sister'})) print(soup.find_all(class_='sister')) # 按照文本内容查找 print(soup.p.find_all(text="The Dormouse's story")) # 按照完整内容匹配(是==而不是in),得到的结果也是内容
五、CSS选择器
# 该模块提供了select方法来支持css html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title"> <b>The Dormouse's story</b> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; <div class='panel-1'> <ul class='list' id='list-1'> <li class='element'>Foo</li> <li class='element'>Bar</li> <li class='element'>Jay</li> </ul> <ul class='list list-small' id='list-2'> <li class='element'><h1 class='yyyy'>Foo</h1></li> <li class='element xxx'>Bar</li> <li class='element'>Jay</li> </ul> </div> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup=BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') # CSS选择器 print(soup.p.select('.sister')) print(soup.select('.sister span')) print(soup.select('#link1')) print(soup.select('#link1 span')) print(soup.select('#list-2 .element.xxx')) print(soup.select('#list-2')[0].select('.element')) # 获取属性 print(soup.select('#list-2 h1')[0].attrs) # 获取内容 print(soup.select('#list-2 h1')[0].get_text())
六、总结
# 总结: # 1、推荐使用lxml解析库 # 2、讲了三种选择器:标签选择器,find与findall,css选择器 --标签选择器筛选功能弱,但是速度快 --建议使用find,findall查询匹配单个结果或者多个结果 --如果对css选择器非常熟悉建议使用select # 3、记住常用的获取属性attrs和文本值get_text()的方法
可参考中文文档:https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/index.zh.html