[07-21]阿波罗11号
阿波罗11号
1.指挥舱——宇航员在 飞行中生活和工作的座舱，也是全飞船的控制中心。指挥舱为圆锥形，高3.2米，重约6吨。指挥舱分前舱、宇航员舱和后舱3部分。前舱内放置着陆部件、回收 设备和姿态控制发动机等。宇航员舱为密封舱，存有供宇航员生活14天的必需品和救生设备。后舱内装有10台姿态控制发动机，各种仪器和贮箱，还有姿态控 制、制导导航系统以及船载计算机和无线电分系统等。
2.服务舱——前端与指挥舱对接，后端有推进系统主发动机喷管。舱体为圆筒形，高6。7米，直径4米，重约25吨。主发动机用于轨道转移和变轨机动。姿态控制系统由16台火箭发动机组成，它们还用于飞船与第三级火箭分离、登月舱与指挥舱对接和指挥舱与服务舱分离等。
3.登月舱——由下降级和上升级组成，地面起飞时重14.7吨，宽 4.3米，最大高度约7米。①下降级：由着陆发动机、4条着陆腿和 4个仪器舱组成。②上升级：为登月舱主体。宇航员完成月面活动后驾驶上升级返回环月轨道与指挥舱会合。上升级由宇航员座舱、返回发动机、推进剂贮箱、仪器 舱和控制系统组成。宇航员座；舱可容纳2名宇航员(但无座椅)，有导航、控制、通信、生命保障和电源等设备。
4.登月飞行——"阿波罗"11号飞船于1969年7月20-21日首次实现人登上月球的理想。此后，美国又相继6次发射"阿波罗"号飞船，其中5次成功。总共有12名航天员登上月球。
阿波罗11号登月十大发现
科学家表示，他们对月球以及整个太阳系的了解很多都是由阿波罗11号的宇航员证实和揭示出来的，此外对带回来的月球岩石和尘埃的研究也起了很大作用。NASA已公布了阿波罗登月计划的十大发现：
1、月球不是一个原生物体
月球是一颗逐步演化而成的拥有类似于地球内部结构的“陆行星”。现在我们知道月球是由岩石构成的。而且这些岩石受过不同程度的熔化、火山喷发以及陨石的碰撞而变得凹凸不平。
月球拥有一层很厚的表层外壳（60千米），一层厚度基本一致的岩石圈（60~1000千米），再深就是岩流层（1000~1740千米）。在岩流层的底部可能是一个小小的铁质核心，但是这还没证实。
2、月球产生的时间很久远
和所有的陆行星一样，太阳系形成后的前10亿年的历史在月球上留下了深深的印记。月球表面留有大量陨石坑。如果可以确定岩石样品的年代，那么我们就可根据金星、水星和火星上的陨石坑的信息来确定其地质发展史。其他行星的地质照片也可以根据我们从月球获得的信息进行解释了。
3、最年轻的岩石比地球的“老”
最初的时候，月球和地球可能受到同样的过程和事件的影响，但是这些过程和事件留下的痕迹只有在月球上才能找得到。
在月球表面，黑暗平滑的月海大多是一些陨石坑，当中的岩石相对年轻，年龄大约为32亿年。而一些高低不平的高地中的岩石则相对较老，年龄约为46亿年。
4、月球和地球是近亲
这两个星体是由一个共同的物质按照不同的比例分割而成。
月球岩石和地球岩石上氧化物同位素的惊人相似显示，月球和地球可能来自于同一个祖先。然而和地球相比，月球上的铁以及形成大气和水所需的挥发性元素都衰竭了。
5、月球上无生命迹象
月球上没有活着的生物体、化石或者原产的有机化合物。
从月球采集的样品的测试中没有找到任何过去或者现在的生物迹象。即使是非生物的有机化合物也找不到。这可能是源于陨石造成的污染。
6、月球岩石经过高温形成
这些岩石的形成过程中几乎与水完全没有关系，可以粗略的分为3类：玄武岩，钙长石和角砾岩。玄武岩是一种黑色火山岩，主要分布在一些月海之中。它们和地球海洋地壳的熔岩很相似，但是年龄要老得多。钙长石主要分布在那些古老的高地之上，质量相对较轻。角砾岩则是其他岩石在陨石跌落过程中被压碎、混合后凝结而成。
7、早期月球深处是“岩浆海洋”
月球高地表 面含有一些早期的低密度的岩石，这是飘浮在“岩浆海洋”表面的一些岩浆残留而成。月球高地是在大约44亿至46亿年以前形成的，由飘浮在“岩浆海洋”表面 的一些岩浆凝结而成，这部分的地壳有几十千米厚。在地质时期无数的陨石落到月球上，熔掉了不少古老的岩石，并在月球表面形成了很多环形山脉。
8、小行星在月球表面撞出大坑
一些巨大、黑色的盆地其实就是受到撞击后产生的巨大的火山口。这些都是在月球早期形成的，上面覆盖的熔岩的历史约为3.2亿~3.9亿年。当月球火山活动时，大多会产生大量熔岩并向周围蔓延。火山喷发还会产生橙色的沉淀物和纯绿宝石颜色的玻璃珠。
9、月球稍微不对称
月球的体积结构稍微有些不对称，这也许是由于它在演化过程中受到了地球万有引力的影响。月球的外壳在远侧一方相对较厚。在靠近地球一侧则有很多火山盆地，而且它的质量浓度要比远侧浓得多。
月球内部的质量浓度并不是均匀分配的。相对于它的几何中心，月球质量的中心要偏向地球几千米远。
10、表面被岩石碎片和灰尘覆盖
这就是所谓的月球风化层，其中可以解读出独特的太阳辐射的历史。这也是我们理解地球气候变化的一个重要因素。
月球风化层是在地质时期由于无数的陨石冲击而产生的。表面岩石和矿石中都饱含化学元素和由于太阳辐射而产生的同位素。按照这点，月球已经完整纪录了40亿年的太阳历史，而这在别的地方是不大可能找得到的。
推进装置：土星5号火箭
时间：1969年7月16日—24日
乘员：阿姆斯特朗、科林斯、奥乐德林
飞行时间为8天3小时，首次载人月球登陆行动，首次在月球行走。“休斯顿，宁静基地报告，鹰已降落。”1969年7月20日。
降落地点：静海。
坐标：北0.71度，东23.63度。
太空行走时间2小时31分钟，树起了旗帜、安放了仪器，在登陆处树立了一个牌子，上面写着： “人类首次月球登陆处，1969年7月。我们是为了全人类带着和平之意而来。”月球表面行走时间21.6小时，绕月球轨道飞行30次。登月舱的上升阶段舱 留在了月球轨道，共采集了20公斤的物质。
阿姆斯特朗踏上月球表面时说的话:“虽然对个人来说,那只是小小的一步;但对人类来说,却是一次巨大的飞跃。”
英文翻译：
"Apollo" the airship by Command module, the service module and the lunarexcursion module 3 parts is composed.
1. Command module - astronaut in flight life and work cabin, also is theentire airship control center. Command module is the cone, the height 3.2meters, heavy approximately 6 tons. Command module divides the forecastle,the astronaut cabin and the rear cockpit 3 parts. In the forecastlelays aside the landing part, the recovery system and the attitudecontrol engine and so on. The astronaut cabin is an airtight cabin,has lives 14 day-long essential items for the astronaut and the lifepreserver. The rear cockpit internal installation has 10 attitudecontrol engine, each kind of instrument and tank, but also has theattitude control, the guidance guidance system as well as the shipcarries the computer and the radio subsystem and so on.
2. The service module - front end with Command module docking, rear end hasthe propulsion system master motor nozzle. The cabin body is thecircle tubular, is high 6. 7 meters, diameter 4 meters, heavyapproximately 25 tons. The master motor uses in the track shift andchanges the axle to be mobile. The attitude control system is composedby 16 rocket engines, they also use in the airship to separate, thelunar excursion module with the three-stage rocket and Command moduledocking and Command module and the service module separation and so on.
3. The lunar excursion module - degrades by under with on promotes iscomposed, when ground takeoff weight 14.7 tons, width 4.3 meters, mostgreatly highly approximately 7 meters. (1) Next degrades: By thelanding engine, 4 landings legs and 4 equipment capsule are composed.(2) On promotes: For lunar excursion module main body. After theastronaut completes the month surface activity to drive promotesreturns to the link month track and Command module the juncture. Onpromotes by the astronaut cabin, returns to the engine, the propellant tank, equipment capsule and the control system is composed.Astronaut place; The cabin may hold 2 astronauts (but not to havechair), has equipment and so on navigation, control, correspondence,life safeguard and power source.
4. Moon-landing flight - " Apollo " The 11th airshiprealized the person in July 20-21, 1969 to land on the Moon for thefirst time the ideal. Hereafter, American one after another 6secondary emissions " Apollo " Number airship, 5 successes.Altogether some 12 astronauts land on Moon.
Apollo 11 land the moon ten big discoveries
The scientist indicated that, they very are many to the Moon aswell as the entire solar system's understanding all are by the Apollo11 astronauts confirmed and promulgates, in addition to the Moon rockand the dust research which bring back to also played the very majorrole. NASA in a big way announced the Apollo moon landing project tento discover that,
The Moon is not a primary object
The Moon is has is similar to the earth interior structurewhich gradually evolves becomes "the land planet". Now we knew theMoon is constitutes by the rock. Moreover these rocks have receivedthe varying degree melting, the volcanic eruption as well as themeteorolite collision change unevenly.
The Moon has a very thick surface layer outer covering (60kilometers), a thickness basic consistent lithosphere (the 60~1000kilometer), is deep is again the crag Stratospheric (the 1000~1740kilometer). In the crag 流层 base is possibly a small ferroguinouscore, but this had not confirmed.
The Moon produces the time is very remote
Is same with all land planet, solar system formed afterprevious 1 billion years history to leave behind the deep mark on theMoon. The lunar terrain remains has massively falls the stone quarry.If may determine rock sample the age, then we may act according to onVenus, Mercury and Mars fall the stone quarry information to determineits geological history. Other planets geological pictures also wereallowed according to us the information which obtained from the Moonto carry on explained.
The youngest rock "is older than" the Earth
Initial time, the Moon and Earth possibly receive the similarprocess and the event influence, but these processes and the eventstay behind the trace only has on the Moon can not be able to find.
In the lunar terrain, dark smooth On the sea mostly is some falls thestone quarry, the middle rock is relatively young, the age probably is3.2 billion years. But some uneven in the high ground rock thenrelative is older, the age approximately is 4.6 billion years.
The Moon and the Earth are the close relative
These two photostars are become by common matter according tothe different proportion division.
On the Moon rock and the Earth rock the oxide compound isotopeastonishing similar demonstration, the Moon and the Earth possiblycome from to the identical ancestor. However compares with the Earth,on Moon's iron as well as formed the volatile constituent all failurewhich the atmosphere and the water needed.
On Moon lifeless sign
On the Moon has not been living the organism, the fossil ororiginally produce organic compound.
In the sample test gathers which from the Moon had not found any pastor the present biological sign. Even if the right and wrong biologyorganic compound also cannot find. This possibly is the source thepollution which creates to the meteorolite.
Moon rock after high temperature formation
In these rocks forming processes completely has not nearlyrelated with the water, may sketchy divide into 3 kinds: Basalt,钙长石 and breccia. The basalt is one kind of black volcanic rock,mainly distributes in some On the sea in. They are very similar with Earthsea earth's crust lava, but the age must be much older. Anorthite mainly distributes above these ancient high ground, the qualityrelative is lighter. The breccia is other rocks drops in the processafter the meteorolite to crush, the mix congeals becomes.
The early Moon deep place is "the rock magma sea"
The Moon high ground surface includes some early the lowdensity rock, this is drifts in "the rock magma sea" superficial somerock magma remains becomes. The Moon high ground was in about 4.4billion to 4.6 billion years before formed, by drifted superficialsome rock magma congeals in "the rock magma sea" becomes, this part ofearth's crust had several dozens kilometer thick. Falls on thegeological period innumerable meteorolites to the Moon on, melt manyancient rocks, and has formed very many ring-like sierras in the lunarterrain.
The planetoid dislodges the big pit in the lunar terrain
After some is huge, the black basin actually receives thegiant crater which the hit produces. These all are forms in the Moonearly time, the above covers the lava history approximately is 320million ~3.9 hundred million years. When Moon volcanic activity,mostly can produce the massive lava and spread to periphery. Thevolcanic eruption also can produce the orange settling and pure emerald the color Glass beads.
The Moon is slightly asymmetrical
Moon's volume structure somewhat is slightly asymmetrical,perhaps this is because it has come under the Earth gravitationinfluence in the evolutionary process. Moon's outer covering in Distal one relative is only then thicker. Is approaching an Earth side tohave the very many volcanos basin, moreover its mass concentrationmust Distal be much thicker than.
The Moon interior mass concentration certainly is not the evenassignment. Is opposite to its geometry center, the Moon qualitycenter must be partial to Earth several kilometer far.
Surface by rock fragment and dust cover
This is the so-called Moon regolith, in which may Interpretation theunique solar radiation the history. This also is we understands theEarth climatic change a important attribute.
The Moon regolith is produces in the geological period as a result ofthe innumerable meteorolites impact. In the superficial rock and theore all is full of the chemical element and the isotope which producesas a result of the solar radiation. According to this spot, the Moonthe integrity has already recorded 4 billion year solar history, butthis was not greatly possibly cannot find in other place.
Propulsion device: Saturn V rocket
Time: On July 16, 1969 - 24th
Crew member: Armstrong, Krensi, Austria happy Durling
The flight time is 8 days 3 hours, carries the person Moon toland for the first time the motion, walks for the first time in theMoon. "Body Si, the tranquil base reported that, the hawk descended."On July 20, 1969.
Descends the place: Jinghai.
Coordinates: North 0.71, east 23.63.
Spaced walk the time 2 hours 31 minutes, the tree gets up the flag,has placed the instrument, in Your Office set up a sign, the above hasbeen writing: "Human for the first time Moon Your Office , in July, 1969.We are bring meaning of the peace for universe to come." The lunarterrain walks the time for 21.6 hours, circles the lunar orbit to fly30 time. The lunar excursion module rise stage cabin has kept thelunar orbit, altogether has gathered 20 kilograms matter.
Armstrong treads when the lunar terrain said speech: "Although said toindividual, that only is small step; But said to the humanity that,actually is a huge leap."
