python3(八) function

# Python 常用内置函数 https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#abs

print(help(abs))  # Return the absolute value of the argument. 返回参数的绝对值。
print(abs(-20))  # 20
print(max(2, 3, 1, -5))  # 3

# 类型转换
print(int('123'))  # 123
print(int(12.34))  # 12
print(float('12.34'))  # 12.34
print(float(12.34))  # 12.34
print(str(1.23))  # '1.23'
print(str(100))  # '100'
print(bool(1))  # True
print(bool(''))  # False


# 定义函数
# 定义一个函数要使用def语句,依次写出函数名、括号、括号中的参数和冒号:,然后,在缩进块中编写函数体,函数的返回值用return语句返回
def my_abs(x):
    if x >= 0:
        return x
    else:
        return -x


print(my_abs(-10))  # 10


# 空函数 啥也不做 ,用pass
def nop():
    pass


# 实际上pass可以用来作为占位符,比如现在还没想好怎么写函数的代码,就可以先放一个pass,让代码能运行起来
# isinstance 类型检查,如下示例只允许Int和float参数进入
def my_abs(x):
    if not isinstance(x, (int, float)):
        raise TypeError('bad operand type')
    if x >= 0:
        return x
    else:
        return -x


# 返回多个值
import math


def move(x, y, step, angle=0):
    nx = x + step * math.cos(angle)
    ny = y - step * math.sin(angle)
    return nx, ny


print(move(100, 100, 60, math.pi / 6))  # 返回值是一个tuple (151.96152422706632, 70.0)


# 没有return语句时,自动return None
# ------------函数的参数
# 计算x平方
def power(x):
    return x * x


# 现在想计算x立方、x四次方。。。。怎么办?
def power(x, n):
    s = 1
    while n > 0:
        n = n - 1
        s = s * x
    return s


print(power(5, 5))  # 3125


# 默认参数 调用power(5)时,相当于调用power(5, 2)
def power(x, n=2):
    s = 1
    while n > 0:
        n = n - 1
        s = s * x
    return s


print(power(5))  # 25
print(power(5, 1))  # 5


# 如何设置默认参数
# 当函数有多个参数时,把变化大的参数放前面,变化小的参数放后面。变化小的参数就可以作为默认参数。
# 最大的好处是能降低调用函数的难度
def enroll(name, gender, age=6, city='Beijing'):
    print('name:', name)
    print('gender:', gender)
    print('age:', age)
    print('city:', city)


print(enroll('Sarah', 'F'))
# name: Sarah
# gender: F
# age: 6
# city: Beijing

enroll('Bob', 'M', 7)
print(enroll('Adam', 'M', city='Tianjin'))


# -------------------------------------------------|
# 定义默认参数要牢记一点:默认参数必须指向不变对象!
# -------------------------------------------------|
def add_end(L=[]):
    L.append('END')
    return L


print(add_end())  # ['END']
print(add_end())  # ['END', 'END']


# 可以用None这个不变对象来实现,无论调用多少次,都不会有问题
def add_end(L=None):
    if L is None:
        L = []
    L.append('END')
    return L


print(add_end())  # ['END']
print(add_end())  # ['END']


# 可变参数
# 1,如下需要提前定义list 或者 tuple传入
def calc(numbers):
    sum = 0
    for n in numbers:
        sum = sum + n * n
    return sum


calc([1, 2, 3])
calc((1, 3, 5, 7))


# 2,定义可变参数 *
def calc(*numbers):
    sum = 0
    for n in numbers:
        sum = sum + n * n
    return sum


calc(1, 2)  # 5
calc(0)  # 0


def person(name, age, **kw):
    print('name:', name, ',age:', age, ',kw:', kw)


person('Michael', 30)  # name: Michael ,age: 30 ,kw: {}
person('Bob', 35, city='Beijing')  # name: Bob ,age: 35 ,kw: {'city': 'Beijing'}
person('Adam', 45, gender='M', job='Engineer')  # name: Adam ,age: 45 ,kw: {'gender': 'M', 'job': 'Engineer'}

extra = {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}
person('Jack', 24, **extra)  # name: Jack age: 24 other: {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}


# 查是否有city和job参数
def person(name, age, **kw):
    if 'city' in kw:
        # 有city参数
        print('city')
    if 'job' in kw:
        # 有job参数
        pass
    print('name:', name, 'age:', age, 'other:', kw)


person('Jack', 24, city='甘肃')


# 命名关键字,* 号后面的说明参数名称必须是city,job
def person(name, age, *, city, job):
    print(name, age, city, job)


person('Jack', 24, city='Beijing', job='Engineer')


# person('Jack', 24, city1='Beijing', job1='Engineer') 报错TypeError: person() got an unexpected keyword argument 'city1'
# 函数定义中已经有了一个可变参数,后面跟着的命名关键字参数就不再需要一个特殊分隔符*了:
# 使用命名关键字参数时,要特别注意,如果没有可变参数,就必须加一个*作为特殊分隔符。如果缺少*,Python解释器将无法识别位置参数和命名关键字参数
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
# 参数组合Python中,参数定义的顺序必须是:必选参数、默认参数、可变参数、命名关键字参数和关键字参数。
def f1(a, b, c=0, *args, **kw):
    print('a =', a, 'b =', b, 'c =', c, 'args =', args, 'kw =', kw)


def f2(a, b, c=0, *, d, **kw):
    print('a =', a, 'b =', b, 'c =', c, 'd =', d, 'kw =', kw)


f1(1, 2)  # a = 1 b = 2 c = 0 args = () kw = {}
f1(1, 2, c=3)  # a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 args = () kw = {}
f1(1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b')  # a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 args = ('a', 'b') kw = {}
f1(1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', x=99)  # a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 args = ('a', 'b') kw = {'x': 99}
f2(1, 2, d=99, ext=None)  # a = 1 b = 2 c = 0 d = 99 kw = {'ext': None}

args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
kw = {'d': 99, 'x': '#'}
f1(*args, **kw)  # a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 args = (4,) kw = {'d': 99, 'x': '#'}

args = (1, 2, 3)
kw = {'d': 88, 'x': '#'}
f2(*args, **kw)  # a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 d = 88 kw = {'x': '#'}


# 递归
def fact(n):
    if n == 1:
        return 1
    return n * fact(n - 1)


print(fact(1))
print(fact(5))  # 120  5*(4*(3*(2*(1)...)
print(fact(100))


# 尾递归是指,在函数返回的时候,调用自身本身,并且,return语句不能包含表达式。这样,编译器或者解释器就可以把尾递归做优化,使递归本身无论调用多少次,都只占用一个栈帧,不会出现栈溢出的情况。
def fact_iter(num, product):
    if num == 1:
        return product
    return fact_iter(num - 1, num * product)


print(fact_iter(5, 1))  # 120   5-1,5*1->4-1,4*5->3-1,3*20->2-1,2*60->120

 

posted @ 2019-09-18 16:47  ~清风煮酒~  阅读(507)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报