【转载】Review: Basic Knowledge about SQL
转自Github：enochtangg/quick-SQL-cheatsheet
目录
1. 查找数据的查询
1.1 SELECT: 用于从数据库中选择数据
SELECT * FROM table_name;
1.2 DISTINCT: 用于过滤掉重复的值并返回指定列的行
SELECT DISTINCT column_name;
1.3 WHERE: 用于过滤记录/行
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND condition2;
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE NOT condition;
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND (condition2 OR condition3);
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE EXISTS (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
1.4 ORDER BY: 用于结果集的排序，升序（ASC）或者降序（DESC）
SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column;
SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column DESC;
SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC, column2 DESC;
1.5 SELECT TOP: 用于指定从表顶部返回的记录数
SELECT TOP number columns_names FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SELECT TOP percent columns_names FROM table_name WHERE condition;
--并非所有数据库系统都支持SELECT TOP。 MySQL 中是LIMIT子句
SELECT column_names FROM table_name LIMIT offset, count;
1.6 LIKE: 用于搜索列中的特定模式，WHERE 子句中使用的运算符
% (percent sign) 是一个表示零个，一个或多个字符的通配符
_ (underscore) 是一个表示单个字符通配符
SELECT column_names FROM table_nam
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;
pattern可以如下
LIKE ‘a%’ （查找任何以“a”开头的值）
LIKE ‘%a’ （查找任何以“a”结尾的值）
LIKE ‘%or%’ （查找任何包含“or”的值）
LIKE ‘_r%’ （查找任何第二位是“r”的值）
LIKE ‘a_%_%’ （查找任何以“a”开头且长度至少为3的值）
LIKE ‘[a-c]%’（查找任何以“a”或“b”或“c”开头的值）
1.7 IN: 用于在 WHERE 子句中指定多个值的运算符
本质上，IN运算符是多个OR条件的简写
SELECT column_names FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, …);
SELECT column_names FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (SELECT STATEMENT);
1.8 BETWEEN: 用于过滤给定范围的值的运算符
SELECT column_names FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE (column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2) AND NOT column_name2 IN (value3, value4);
SELECT * FROM Products WHERE column_name BETWEEN #01/07/1999# AND #03/12/1999#;
1.9 NULL: 代表一个字段没有值
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;
1.10 AS: 用于给表或者列分配别名
SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
SELECT column_name FROM table_name AS alias_name;
SELECT column_name AS alias_name1, column_name2 AS alias_name2;
SELECT column_name1, column_name2 + ‘, ‘ + column_name3 AS alias_name;
1.11 UNION: 用于组合两个或者多个 SELECT 语句的结果集的运算符
- 每个 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同的列数
- 列必须拥有相似的数据类型
- 每个 SELECT 语句中的列也必须具有相同的顺序
SELECT columns_names FROM table1
UNION SELECT column_name FROM table2;
- UNION 仅允许选择不同的值, UNION ALL 允许重复
1.12 ANY|ALL: 用于检查 WHERE 或 HAVING 子句中使用的子查询条件的运算符
- ANY 如果任何子查询值满足条件，则返回 true。
- ALL 如果任何子查询值满足条件，则返回 true。
SELECT columns_names FROM table1
WHERE column_name operator (ANY|ALL) (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
1.13 GROUP BY: 通常与聚合函数（COUNT，MAX，MIN，SUM，AVG）一起使用，用于将结果集分组为一列或多列
SELECT column_name1, COUNT(column_name2) FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name1
ORDER BY COUNT(column_name2) DESC;
1.14 HAVING: HAVING 子句指定 SELECT 语句应仅返回聚合值满足指定条件的行。它被添加到 SQL 语言中，因为WHERE关键字不能与聚合函数一起使用。
SELECT COUNT(column_name1), column_name2 FROM table
GROUP BY column_name2
HAVING COUNT(column_name1) > 5;
2. 修改数据的查询
2.1 INSERT INTO: 用于在表中插入新记录/行
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2 …);
2.2 UPDATE: 用于修改表中的现有记录/行
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2
WHERE condition;
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = value;
2.3 DELETE: 用于删除表中的现有记录/行
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
DELETE * FROM table_name;
3. 聚合查询
3.1 COUNT: 返回出现次数
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT column_name);
3.2 MIN() and MAX(): 返回所选列的最小/最大值
SELECT MIN (column_names) FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
SELECT MAX (column_names) FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
3.3 AVG(): 返回数字列的平均值
SELECT AVG (column_name) FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
3.4 SUM(): 返回数值列的总和
SELECT SUM (column_name) FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
4. 连接查询
4.1 INNER JOIN: 内连接，返回在两张表中具有匹配值的记录
SELECT column_names
FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
SELECT table1.column_name1, table2.column_name2, table3.column_name3
FROM
(
(table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON relationship)
INNER JOIN
table3
ON relationship
);
4.2 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: 左外连接，返回左表（table1）中的所有记录，以及右表中的匹配记录（table2）
SELECT column_names
FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
4.3 RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: 右外连接，返回右表（table2）中的所有记录，以及左表（table1）中匹配的记录
SELECT column_names
FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
4.4 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: 全外连接，全连接是左右外连接的并集. 连接表包含被连接的表的所有记录, 如果缺少匹配的记录, 以 NULL 填充。
SELECT column_names
FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
4.5 Self JOIN: 自连接，表自身连接
SELECT column_names
FROM table1 T1, table1 T2
WHERE condition;
5. 视图查询
5.1 CREATE: 创建视图
CREATE VIEW view_name
AS
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name WHERE condition;
5.2 SELECT: 检索视图
SELECT * FROM view_name;
5.3 DROP: 删除视图
DROP VIEW view_name;
6. 修改表的查询
6.1 ADD: 添加字段
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name column_definition;
6.2 MODIFY: 修改字段数据类型
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_type;
6.3 DROP: 删除字段
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
