数据解析

一.数据解析

1.xpath解析(各个爬虫语言通用)

(1)环境安装

pip install lxml

(2)解析原理

- 获取页面原码数据 
- 实例化etree对象,将页面原码数据加载到该对象中
- 调用该对象的xpath方法进行指定标签的定位(xparh函数必须结合着xpath表达式进行标签的定位和内容的捕获)

(3)xpath语法(返回值是一个列表)

## 一.数据解析

### 1.xpath解析(各个爬虫语言通用)

#### (1)环境安装

```
pip install lxml
```

#### (2)解析原理

```
- 获取页面原码数据 
- 实例化etree对象,将页面原码数据加载到该对象中
- 调用该对象的xpath方法进行指定标签的定位(xparh函数必须结合着xpath表达式进行标签的定位和内容的捕获)
```

#### (3)xpath语法(返回值是一个列表)

```
属性定位
    / 相当于 > (在开头一定从根节点开始)
    // 相当于  ' '
    @ 表示属性
    例://div[@class="song"]
索引定位(索引从1开始)
    //ul/li[2]
逻辑运算
    //a[@href='' and @class='du'] 和
    //a[@href='' | @class='du'] 或
模糊匹配
    //div[contains(@class,'ng')]
    //div[starts-with(@class,'ng')]    
取文本
    //div/text() 直系文本内容
    //div//text() 非直系文本内容(返回列表)
取属性
    //div/@href
```

#### (4)案例

##### 案例一:58同城二手房数据爬取

```python
import requests
from  lxml import etree
import os
url='https://bj.58.com/changping/ershoufang/?utm_source=market&spm=u-2d2yxv86y3v43nkddh1.BDPCPZ_BT&PGTID=0d30000c-0000-1cc0-306c-511ad17612b3&ClickID=1'
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
title_price_list=tree.xpath('//ul[@class="house-list-wrap"]/li/div[2]/h2/a/text() | //ul[@class="house-list-wrap"]/li/div[3]//text()')
with open('./文件夹1/fangyuan.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for title_price in title_price_list:
        f.write(title_price)
    f.close()    
print("over")
```

###### *注:区别解析的数据源是原码还是局部数据*

```
原码数据
    tree.HTML('//ul...') 
局部数据
    tree.HTML('./ul...') #以.开头
```

##### 测试xpath语法的正确性

###### 方式一:xpath.crx(xpath插件)

```
找到浏览器的 更多工具>拓展程序
开启开发者模式
将xpath.crx拖动到浏览器中
xpath插件启动快捷键:ctrl+shift+x
作用:用于测试xpath语法的正确性
```

![1551257321487](C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1551257321487.png)

###### 方式二:浏览器自带

![1551231018948](C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1551231018948.png)



##### 案例二:4k网爬取图片

```
import requests
from  lxml import etree
import urllib
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
page_num=int(input("请输入要爬取的页数:"))
if page_num==1:
    url='http://pic.netbian.com/4kyingshi/index.html'
    origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
    tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
    a_list=tree.xpath('//ul[@class="clearfix"]/li/a')
    for a in a_list:
        name=a.xpath('./b/text()')[0]
        name=name.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('gbk')
        url='http://pic.netbian.com'+a.xpath('./img/@src')[0]
        picture=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).content
        picture_name='./文件夹2/'+name+'.jpg'
        with open(picture_name,'wb') as f:
            f.write(picture)
    f.close()
    print('over!!!')
    
else:
    for page in range(1,page_num+1):
        url='http://pic.netbian.com/4kyingshi/index_%d.html' % page
        origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
        tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
        a_list=tree.xpath('//ul[@class="clearfix"]/li/a')
        for a in a_list:
            name=a.xpath('./b/text()')[0]
            name=name.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('gbk')
            url='http://pic.netbian.com'+a.xpath('./img/@src')[0]
            picture=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).content
            picture_name='./文件夹2/'+name+'.jpg'
            with open(picture_name,'wb') as f:
                f.write(picture)
        f.close()
        print('over!!!')
```

###### 中文乱码问题

```
方式一:
    response.encoding='gbk'
方式二:
    name=name.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
```

###### 数据来源问题

```
etree.HTML() #处理网络数据
etree.parse() #处理本地数据
```



##### 案例3:爬取煎蛋网图片

```python
import requests
from  lxml import etree
import urllib
import base64
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='http://jandan.net/ooxx'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
span_list=tree.xpath('//span[@class="img-hash"]/text()')
for span in span_list:
    src='http:'+base64.b64decode(span).decode("utf-8")
    picture_data=requests.get(url=src,headers=headers).content
    name='./文件夹3/'+src.split("/")[-1]
    with open(name,'wb') as f:
        f.write(picture_data)
        f.close()
print('over!!!')
```



###### ##反爬机制3:base64

在response返回数据中,图片的src都是相同的,每个图片都有一个span标签存储一串加密字符串,同时发现一个jandan_load_img函数,故猜测该加密字符串通过此函数可能得到图片地址.

![1551260850370](C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1551260850370.png)

全局搜索此函数

![1551261126014](C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1551261126014.png)

发现此函数中用到了jdtPGUg7oYxbEGFASovweZE267FFvm5aYz

![1551261205397](C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1551261205397.png)

全局搜索jdtPGUg7oYxbEGFASovweZE267FFvm5aYz

![1551261246264](C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1551261246264.png)

函数的最后用到了base64_decode

![1551261317520](C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1551261317520.png)

故断定该加密字符串用base64解密可得到图片地址



##### 案例4:站长素材简历爬取

```python
import requests
from  lxml import etree
import random
headers={
    'Connection':'close',
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='http://sc.chinaz.com/jianli/free.html'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
src_list=tree.xpath('//div[@id="main"]/div/div/a/@href')
for src in src_list:
    filename='./文件夹4/'+src.split('/')[-1].split('.')[0]+'.rar'
    print(filename)
    down_page_data=requests.get(url=src,headers=headers).text
    tree=etree.HTML(down_page_data)
    down_list=tree.xpath('//div[@id="down"]/div[2]/ul/li/a/@href')
    res=random.choice(down_list)
    print(res)
    jianli=requests.get(url=res,headers=headers).content
    with open(filename,'wb') as f:
        f.write(jianli)
        f.close()     
print('over!!!')
```



###### ##反爬机制4:Connection

经典错误

```
HTTPConnectionPool(host:xx) Max retries exceeded with url
```

原因

```
1.每次数据传输前客户端都要和服务端建立TCP连接,为了节省传输消耗,默认为keep-alive,即连接一次传输多次,然而如果连接迟迟不断开的话,链接池满后,则无法产生新的链接对象,导致请求无法发送
2.IP被封
3.请求频率太频繁
```

解决

```
1.设置请求头中Connection的值为close,每次成功后断开连接
2.更换请求IP
3.每次请求之间使用sleep进行请求间隔
```



##### 案例5:解析所有的城市名称

```python
import requests
from  lxml import etree
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='https://www.aqistudy.cn/historydata/'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
hot_list=tree.xpath('//div[@class="row"]/div/div[1]/div/text() | //div[@class="row"]/div/div[1]/div[@class="bottom"]/ul[@class="unstyled"]/li/a/text()')
with open('./文件夹1/city.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for hot in hot_list:
        f.write(hot.strip())
    common_list=tree.xpath('//div[@class="row"]/div/div[2]/div[1]/text() | //div[@class="row"]/div/div[2]/div[2]/ul//text()')
    for common in common_list:
        f.write(common.strip())
    f.close()
print('over!!!')
```



##### 案例6:图片懒加载,站长素材婚纱照

```python
import requests
from  lxml import etree
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='http://sc.chinaz.com/tupian/hunsha.html'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
div_list=tree.xpath('//div[@id="container"]/div')

for div in div_list:
    title=div.xpath('./p/a/text()')[0].encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
    name='./文件夹1/'+title+'.jpg'
    photo_url=div.xpath('./div/a/@href')[0]
    
    origin_data=requests.get(url=photo_url,headers=headers).text
    tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
    url_it=tree.xpath('//div[@class="imga"]/a/img/@src')[0]

    origin_data=requests.get(url=url_it,headers=headers).content
    with open(name,'wb') as f:
        f.write(origin_data)
    
print('over!!!')
```

###### ##反爬机制5:代理IP

使用

```python
import requests
from  lxml import etree
import random
proxie=[{'https':'116.197.134.153:80'},{'https':'103.224.100.43:8080'},{'https':'222.74.237.246:808'}]
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=ip'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,proxies=random.choice(proxie)).text

with open('./ip.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(origin_data)
    
print('over!!!')
```

常用代理网站

```
www.goubanjia.com
快代理
西祠代理
```

代理知识

```
透明:对方知道使用了代理,且知道真实IP
匿名:对方知道使用了代理,不知道真实IP
高匿:对方不知道使用了代理,更不知道真实IP
```

*注:代理IP的类型必须和请求url的协议头 保持一致*

*https://www.55xia.com下载电影*

*顺序:动态加载,url加密,element*

(4)案例

案例一:58同城二手房数据爬取

import requests
from  lxml import etree
import os
url='https://bj.58.com/changping/ershoufang/?utm_source=market&spm=u-2d2yxv86y3v43nkddh1.BDPCPZ_BT&PGTID=0d30000c-0000-1cc0-306c-511ad17612b3&ClickID=1'
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
title_price_list=tree.xpath('//ul[@class="house-list-wrap"]/li/div[2]/h2/a/text() | //ul[@class="house-list-wrap"]/li/div[3]//text()')
with open('./文件夹1/fangyuan.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for title_price in title_price_list:
        f.write(title_price)
    f.close()    
print("over")

注:区别解析的数据源是原码还是局部数据

原码数据
    tree.HTML('//ul...') 
局部数据
    tree.HTML('./ul...') #以.开头

测试xpath语法的正确性

方式一:xpath.crx(xpath插件)

找到浏览器的 更多工具>拓展程序
开启开发者模式
将xpath.crx拖动到浏览器中
xpath插件启动快捷键:ctrl+shift+x
作用:用于测试xpath语法的正确性

方式二:浏览器自带

 

 

案例二:4k网爬取图片

import requests
from  lxml import etree
import urllib
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
page_num=int(input("请输入要爬取的页数:"))
if page_num==1:
    url='http://pic.netbian.com/4kyingshi/index.html'
    origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
    tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
    a_list=tree.xpath('//ul[@class="clearfix"]/li/a')
    for a in a_list:
        name=a.xpath('./b/text()')[0]
        name=name.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('gbk')
        url='http://pic.netbian.com'+a.xpath('./img/@src')[0]
        picture=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).content
        picture_name='./文件夹2/'+name+'.jpg'
        with open(picture_name,'wb') as f:
            f.write(picture)
    f.close()
    print('over!!!')
    
else:
    for page in range(1,page_num+1):
        url='http://pic.netbian.com/4kyingshi/index_%d.html' % page
        origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
        tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
        a_list=tree.xpath('//ul[@class="clearfix"]/li/a')
        for a in a_list:
            name=a.xpath('./b/text()')[0]
            name=name.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('gbk')
            url='http://pic.netbian.com'+a.xpath('./img/@src')[0]
            picture=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).content
            picture_name='./文件夹2/'+name+'.jpg'
            with open(picture_name,'wb') as f:
                f.write(picture)
        f.close()
        print('over!!!')

中文乱码问题

方式一:
    response.encoding='gbk'
方式二:
    name=name.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')

数据来源问题

etree.HTML() #处理网络数据
etree.parse() #处理本地数据

案例3:爬取煎蛋网图片

import requests
from  lxml import etree
import urllib
import base64
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='http://jandan.net/ooxx'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
span_list=tree.xpath('//span[@class="img-hash"]/text()')
for span in span_list:
    src='http:'+base64.b64decode(span).decode("utf-8")
    picture_data=requests.get(url=src,headers=headers).content
    name='./文件夹3/'+src.split("/")[-1]
    with open(name,'wb') as f:
        f.write(picture_data)
        f.close()
print('over!!!')

##反爬机制3:base64

在response返回数据中,图片的src都是相同的,每个图片都有一个span标签存储一串加密字符串,同时发现一个jandan_load_img函数,故猜测该加密字符串通过此函数可能得到图片地址.

全局搜索此函数

发现此函数中用到了jdtPGUg7oYxbEGFASovweZE267FFvm5aYz

全局搜索jdtPGUg7oYxbEGFASovweZE267FFvm5aYz

函数的最后用到了base64_decode

故断定该加密字符串用base64解密可得到图片地址

 

案例4:站长素材简历爬取

import requests
from  lxml import etree
import random
headers={
    'Connection':'close',
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='http://sc.chinaz.com/jianli/free.html'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
src_list=tree.xpath('//div[@id="main"]/div/div/a/@href')
for src in src_list:
    filename='./文件夹4/'+src.split('/')[-1].split('.')[0]+'.rar'
    print(filename)
    down_page_data=requests.get(url=src,headers=headers).text
    tree=etree.HTML(down_page_data)
    down_list=tree.xpath('//div[@id="down"]/div[2]/ul/li/a/@href')
    res=random.choice(down_list)
    print(res)
    jianli=requests.get(url=res,headers=headers).content
    with open(filename,'wb') as f:
        f.write(jianli)
        f.close()     
print('over!!!')

 

##反爬机制4:Connection

经典错误

HTTPConnectionPool(host:xx) Max retries exceeded with url

原因

1.每次数据传输前客户端都要和服务端建立TCP连接,为了节省传输消耗,默认为keep-alive,即连接一次传输多次,然而如果连接迟迟不断开的话,链接池满后,则无法产生新的链接对象,导致请求无法发送
2.IP被封
3.请求频率太频繁

解决

1.设置请求头中Connection的值为close,每次成功后断开连接
2.更换请求IP
3.每次请求之间使用sleep进行请求间隔

案例5:解析所有的城市名称

import requests
from  lxml import etree
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='https://www.aqistudy.cn/historydata/'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
hot_list=tree.xpath('//div[@class="row"]/div/div[1]/div/text() | //div[@class="row"]/div/div[1]/div[@class="bottom"]/ul[@class="unstyled"]/li/a/text()')
with open('./文件夹1/city.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    for hot in hot_list:
        f.write(hot.strip())
    common_list=tree.xpath('//div[@class="row"]/div/div[2]/div[1]/text() | //div[@class="row"]/div/div[2]/div[2]/ul//text()')
    for common in common_list:
        f.write(common.strip())
    f.close()
print('over!!!')

案例6:图片懒加载,站长素材婚纱照

import requests
from  lxml import etree
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='http://sc.chinaz.com/tupian/hunsha.html'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
div_list=tree.xpath('//div[@id="container"]/div')
​
for div in div_list:
    title=div.xpath('./p/a/text()')[0].encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
    name='./文件夹1/'+title+'.jpg'
    photo_url=div.xpath('./div/a/@href')[0]
    
    origin_data=requests.get(url=photo_url,headers=headers).text
    tree=etree.HTML(origin_data)
    url_it=tree.xpath('//div[@class="imga"]/a/img/@src')[0]
​
    origin_data=requests.get(url=url_it,headers=headers).content
    with open(name,'wb') as f:
        f.write(origin_data)
    
print('over!!!')

##反爬机制5:代理IP

使用

import requests
from  lxml import etree
import random
proxie=[{'https':'116.197.134.153:80'},{'https':'103.224.100.43:8080'},{'https':'222.74.237.246:808'}]
headers={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36'
}
url='https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=ip'
origin_data=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,proxies=random.choice(proxie)).text
​
with open('./ip.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(origin_data)
    
print('over!!!')

常用代理网站

www.goubanjia.com
快代理
西祠代理

代理知识

透明:对方知道使用了代理,且知道真实IP
匿名:对方知道使用了代理,不知道真实IP
高匿:对方不知道使用了代理,更不知道真实IP

注:代理IP的类型必须和请求url的协议头 保持一致

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顺序:动态加载,url加密,element