SQLAlchemy操作

1 新增

user = User(mobile='15612345678', name='itcast')
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
profile = Profile(id=user.id)
db.session.add(profile)
db.session.commit()

对于批量添加也可使用如下语法

db.session.add_all([user1, user2, user3])
db.session.commit()

2 查询

all()

查询所有，返回列表

User.query.all()

first()

查询第一个，返回对象

User.query.first()

get()

根据主键ID获取对象，若主键不存在返回None

User.query.get(2)

另一种查询方式

db.session.query(User).all()
db.session.query(User).first()
db.session.query(User).get(2)

filter_by

进行过虑

User.query.filter_by(mobile='13911111111').first()
User.query.filter_by(mobile='13911111111', id=1).first()  # and关系

filter

进行过虑

User.query.filter(User.mobile=='13911111111').first()

逻辑或

from sqlalchemy import or_
User.query.filter(or_(User.mobile=='13911111111', User.name.endswith('号'))).all()

逻辑与

from sqlalchemy import and_
User.query.filter(and_(User.name != '13911111111', User.mobile.startswith('185'))).all()

逻辑非

from sqlalchemy import not_
User.query.filter(not_(User.mobile == '13911111111')).all()

offset

偏移，起始位置

User.query.offset(2).all()

limit

获取限制数据

User.query.limit(3).all()

order_by

排序

User.query.order_by(User.id).all()  # 正序
User.query.order_by(User.id.desc()).all()  # 倒序

复合查询

User.query.filter(User.name.startswith('13')).order_by(User.id.desc()).offset(2).limit(5).all()
# 或者:
query = User.query.filter(User.name.startswith('13'))
query = query.order_by(User.id.desc())
query = query.offset(2).limit(5)
ret = query.all()

优化查询

user = User.query.filter_by(id=1).first()  # 查询所有字段
select user_id, mobile......

select * from   # 程序不要使用
select user_id, mobile,.... # 查询指定字段

from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only
User.query.options(load_only(User.name, User.mobile)).filter_by(id=1).first() # 查询特定字段

聚合查询

from sqlalchemy import func

db.session.query(Relation.user_id, func.count(Relation.target_user_id)).filter(Relation.relation == Relation.RELATION.FOLLOW).group_by(Relation.user_id).all()

关联查询

1. 使用ForeignKey

class User(db.Model):
    ...
    profile = db.relationship('UserProfile', uselist=False)
    followings = db.relationship('Relation')

class UserProfile(db.Model):
    id = db.Column('user_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user_basic.user_id'), primary_key=True,  doc='用户ID')
    ...

class Relation(db.Model):
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user_basic.user_id'), doc='用户ID')
    ...

# 测试   
user = User.query.get(1)
user.profile.gender
user.followings

from datetime import datetime
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

app = Flask(__name__)

# app.config.from_envvar('PROJECT_SETTING')
app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py')

db = SQLAlchemy(app)

class User(db.Model):
    """
    用户基本信息
    """
    __tablename__ = 'user_basic'

    class STATUS:
        ENABLE = 1
        DISABLE = 0

    id = db.Column('user_id', db.Integer, primary_key=True, doc='用户ID')
    mobile = db.Column(db.String, doc='手机号')
    password = db.Column(db.String, doc='密码')
    name = db.Column('user_name', db.String, doc='昵称')
    profile_photo = db.Column(db.String, doc='头像')
    last_login = db.Column(db.DateTime, doc='最后登录时间')
    is_media = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False, doc='是否是自媒体')
    is_verified = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False, doc='是否实名认证')
    introduction = db.Column(db.String, doc='简介')
    certificate = db.Column(db.String, doc='认证')
    article_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='发帖数')
    following_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='关注的人数')
    fans_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='被关注的人数（粉丝数）')
    like_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='累计点赞人数')
    read_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='累计阅读人数')

    account = db.Column(db.String, doc='账号')
    email = db.Column(db.String, doc='邮箱')
    status = db.Column(db.Integer, default=1, doc='状态，是否可用')

    # Foreignkey关联查询
    profile = db.relationship('UserProfile', uselist=False)
    followings = db.relationship('Relation')


class UserProfile(db.Model):
    """
    用户资料表
    """
    __tablename__ = 'user_profile'

    class GENDER:
        MALE = 0
        FEMALE = 1

    id = db.Column('user_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user_basic.user_id'), primary_key=True, doc='用户ID')
    # id = db.Column('user_id', db.Integer, primary_key=True, doc='用户ID')
    gender = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='性别')
    birthday = db.Column(db.Date, doc='生日')
    real_name = db.Column(db.String, doc='真实姓名')
    id_number = db.Column(db.String, doc='身份证号')
    id_card_front = db.Column(db.String, doc='身份证正面')
    id_card_back = db.Column(db.String, doc='身份证背面')
    id_card_handheld = db.Column(db.String, doc='手持身份证')
    ctime = db.Column('create_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, doc='创建时间')
    utime = db.Column('update_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, onupdate=datetime.now, doc='更新时间')
    register_media_time = db.Column(db.DateTime, doc='注册自媒体时间')

    area = db.Column(db.String, doc='地区')
    company = db.Column(db.String, doc='公司')
    career = db.Column(db.String, doc='职业')


class Relation(db.Model):
    """
    用户关系表
    """
    __tablename__ = 'user_relation'

    class RELATION:
        DELETE = 0
        FOLLOW = 1
        BLACKLIST = 2

    id = db.Column('relation_id', db.Integer, primary_key=True, doc='主键ID')
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user_basic.user_id'), doc='用户ID')
    # user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, doc='用户ID')
    target_user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, doc='目标用户ID')
    relation = db.Column(db.Integer, doc='关系')
    ctime = db.Column('create_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, doc='创建时间')
    utime = db.Column('update_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, onupdate=datetime.now, doc='更新时间')

    target_user = db.relationship('User', primaryjoin='Relation.target_user_id==foreign(User.id)', uselist=False)

Foreignkey详细代码

2. 使用primaryjoin

class User(db.Model):
    ...

    profile = db.relationship('UserProfile', primaryjoin='User.id==foreign(UserProfile.id)', uselist=False)
    followings = db.relationship('Relation', primaryjoin='User.id==foreign(Relation.user_id)')

# 测试
user = User.query.get(1)
user.profile.gender
user.followings

from datetime import datetime
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

app = Flask(__name__)

# app.config.from_envvar('PROJECT_SETTING')
app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py')

db = SQLAlchemy(app)

class User(db.Model):
    """
    用户基本信息
    """
    __tablename__ = 'user_basic'

    class STATUS:
        ENABLE = 1
        DISABLE = 0

    id = db.Column('user_id', db.Integer, primary_key=True, doc='用户ID')
    mobile = db.Column(db.String, doc='手机号')
    password = db.Column(db.String, doc='密码')
    name = db.Column('user_name', db.String, doc='昵称')
    profile_photo = db.Column(db.String, doc='头像')
    last_login = db.Column(db.DateTime, doc='最后登录时间')
    is_media = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False, doc='是否是自媒体')
    is_verified = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False, doc='是否实名认证')
    introduction = db.Column(db.String, doc='简介')
    certificate = db.Column(db.String, doc='认证')
    article_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='发帖数')
    following_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='关注的人数')
    fans_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='被关注的人数（粉丝数）')
    like_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='累计点赞人数')
    read_count = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='累计阅读人数')

    account = db.Column(db.String, doc='账号')
    email = db.Column(db.String, doc='邮箱')
    status = db.Column(db.Integer, default=1, doc='状态，是否可用')

    # primaryjoin关联查询
    profile = db.relationship('UserProfile', primaryjoin='User.id==foreign(UserProfile.id)', uselist=False)
    followings = db.relationship('Relation', primaryjoin='User.id==foreign(Relation.user_id)')


class UserProfile(db.Model):
    """
    用户资料表
    """
    __tablename__ = 'user_profile'

    class GENDER:
        MALE = 0
        FEMALE = 1

    id = db.Column('user_id', db.Integer, primary_key=True, doc='用户ID')
    gender = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, doc='性别')
    birthday = db.Column(db.Date, doc='生日')
    real_name = db.Column(db.String, doc='真实姓名')
    id_number = db.Column(db.String, doc='身份证号')
    id_card_front = db.Column(db.String, doc='身份证正面')
    id_card_back = db.Column(db.String, doc='身份证背面')
    id_card_handheld = db.Column(db.String, doc='手持身份证')
    ctime = db.Column('create_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, doc='创建时间')
    utime = db.Column('update_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, onupdate=datetime.now, doc='更新时间')
    register_media_time = db.Column(db.DateTime, doc='注册自媒体时间')

    area = db.Column(db.String, doc='地区')
    company = db.Column(db.String, doc='公司')
    career = db.Column(db.String, doc='职业')


class Relation(db.Model):
    """
    用户关系表
    """
    __tablename__ = 'user_relation'

    class RELATION:
        DELETE = 0
        FOLLOW = 1
        BLACKLIST = 2

    id = db.Column('relation_id', db.Integer, primary_key=True, doc='主键ID')
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, doc='用户ID')
    target_user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, doc='目标用户ID')
    relation = db.Column(db.Integer, doc='关系')
    ctime = db.Column('create_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, doc='创建时间')
    utime = db.Column('update_time', db.DateTime, default=datetime.now, onupdate=datetime.now, doc='更新时间')

    target_user = db.relationship('User', primaryjoin='Relation.target_user_id==foreign(User.id)', uselist=False)

primaryjion详细代码

3. 指定字段关联查询

class Relation(db.Model):
    ...
    target_user = db.relationship('User', primaryjoin='Relation.target_user_id==foreign(User.id)', uselist=False)


from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only, contains_eager

Relation.query.join(Relation.target_user).options(load_only(Relation.target_user_id), contains_eager(Relation.target_user).load_only(User.name)).all()

3 更新

方式一

  user = User.query.get(1)
  user.name = 'Python'
  db.session.add(user)
  db.session.commit()

方式二

  User.query.filter_by(id=1).update({'name':'python'})
  db.session.commit()

4 删除

方式一

  user = User.query.order_by(User.id.desc()).first()
  db.session.delete(user)
  db.session.commit()

方式二

  User.query.filter(User.mobile=='18512345678').delete()
  db.session.commit()

5 事务

environ = {'wsgi.version':(1,0), 'wsgi.input': '', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET', 'PATH_INFO': '/', 'SERVER_NAME': 'itcast server', 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http', 'SERVER_PORT': '80'}

with app.request_context(environ):
    try:
        user = User(mobile='18911111111', name='itheima')
        db.session.add(user)
        db.session.flush() # 将db.session记录的sql传到数据库中执行
        profile = UserProfile(id=user.id)
        db.session.add(profile)
        db.session.commit()
    except:
        db.session.rollback()

posted @ 2020-08-26 01:27 sewen Views(296) Comments(0) Edit 收藏举报

刷新页面返回顶部

sewen

SQLAlchemy操作

1 新增

2 查询

all()

first()

get()

另一种查询方式

filter_by

filter

逻辑或

逻辑与

逻辑非

offset

limit

order_by

复合查询

优化查询

聚合查询

关联查询

1. 使用ForeignKey

2. 使用primaryjoin

3. 指定字段关联查询

3 更新

4 删除

5 事务

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