drf序列化组件实现十大接口
序列化字段了解配置
了解配置：
fields = '__all__'
exclude = ['name'] 排除name字段
depth = 2 自动深度，值代表深度次数，但是被深度的外键采用__all__，显示所有字段
response二次封装
from rest_framework.response import Response
class APIResponse(Response):
def __init__(self, status=0, msg='ok', results=None, http_status=None,
headers=None, exception=False, content_type=None, **kwargs):
# 将status、msg、results、kwargs格式化成data
data = {
'status': status,
'msg': msg,
}
# results只要不为空都是数据：False、0、'' 都是数据 => 条件不能写if results
if results is not None:
data['results'] = results
# 将kwargs中额外的k-v数据添加到data中
data.update(**kwargs)
super().__init__(data=data, status=http_status, headers=headers, exception=exception, content_type=content_type)
连表深度查询
外键字段默认显示的是外键值（int类型），不会自己进行深度查询
深度查询方式：
- 子序列化：必须有子序列化类配合，不能反序列化
- 配置depth：自动深度查询的是关联表测所有字段，数据量太多
- 插拔式@property：名字不能与外键名同名
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class BaseModel(models.Model):
is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
created_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
class Meta:
# 基表，为抽象表，是专门用来被继承，提供公有字段的，自身不会完成数据库迁移
abstract = True
class Book(BaseModel):
name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', related_name='books', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, null=True)
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author', related_name='books', db_constraint=False)
@property
def publish_info(self): # 单个数据
return {
'name': self.publish.name,
'address': self.publish.address,
}
@property
def author_list(self):
author_list_temp = [] # 存放所有作者格式化成数据的列表
authors = self.authors.all() # 所有作者
for author in authors: # 遍历处理所有作者
author_dic = {
'name': author.name,
}
try: # 有详情才处理详情信息
author_dic['mobile'] = author.detail.mobile
except:
author_dic['mobile'] = '无'
author_list_temp.append(author_dic) # 将处理过的数据添加到数据列表中
return author_list_temp # 返回处理后的结果
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class Publish(BaseModel):
name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
address = models.CharField(max_length=64)
class Author(BaseModel):
name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
class AuthorDetail(BaseModel):
mobile = models.CharField(max_length=64)
author = models.OneToOneField(to=Author, related_name='detail', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
单查群查
class BookAPIView(APIView):
# 单查群查
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk=pk).first()
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj)
else:
book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True)
return APIResponse(results=book_ser.data)
单增群增
class BookAPIView(APIView):
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
"""
单增：接口：/books/ 数据：{...}
群增：接口：/books/ 数据：[{...}, ..., {...}]
逻辑：将数据给系列化类处理，数据的类型关系到 many 属性是否为True
"""
if isinstance(request.data, dict):
many = False
elif isinstance(request.data, list):
many = True
else:
return Response(data={'detail': '数据有误'}, status=400)
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(data=request.data, many=many)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_obj_or_list = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(results=serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj_or_list, many=many).data)
注意：ModelSerializer只能完成单增，需要借助ListSerializer才能完成群增。
from rest_framework import serializers
from . import models
# 多表操作
class BookListSerializer(serializers.ListSerializer):
# 自定义的群增群改辅助类，没有必要重写create方法
def create(self, validated_data):
return super().create(validated_data)
def update(self, instance_list, validated_data_list):
return [
self.child.update(instance_list[index], attrs) for index, attrs in enumerate(validated_data_list)
]
class BookModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
# ModelSerializer默认配置了ListSerializer辅助类，帮助完成群增群改
# list_serializer_class = serializers.ListSerializer
# 如果只有群增，是不需要自定义配置的，但要完成群改，必须自定义配置
list_serializer_class = BookListSerializer
model = models.Book
fields = ['name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors', 'publish_info', 'author_list']
extra_kwargs = {
'publish': {
'write_only': True
},
'authors': {
'write_only': True
}
}
单删群删
class BookAPIView(APIView):
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
"""
单删：接口：/books/(pk)/ 数据：空
群删：接口：/books/ 数据：[pk1, ..., pkn]
逻辑：修改is_delete字段，修改成功代表删除成功，修改失败代表删除失败
"""
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
pks = [pk] # 将单删格式化成群删一条
else:
pks = request.data # 群删
try: # 数据如果有误，数据库执行会出错
rows = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=pks).update(is_delete=True)
except:
return APIResponse(1, '数据有误')
if rows:
return APIResponse(0, '删除成功')
return APIResponse(1, '删除失败')
整体单改群改
class BookAPIView(APIView):
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
"""
单改：接口：/books/(pk)/ 数据：{...}
群改：接口：/books/ 数据：[{pk, ...}, ..., {pk, ...}]
逻辑：将数据给系列化类处理，数据的类型关系到 many 属性是否为True
"""
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk: # 单改
try:
# 与增的区别在于，需要明确被修改的对象，交给序列化类
book_instance = models.Book.objects.get(is_delete=False, pk=pk)
except:
return Response({'detail': 'pk error'}, status=400)
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=book_instance, data=request.data)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_obj = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(results=serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data)
else: # 群改
# 分析（重点）：
# 1）数据是列表套字典，每个字典必须带pk，就是指定要修改的对象，如果有一条没带pk，整个数据有误
# 2）如果pk对应的对象已被删除，或是对应的对象不存在，可以认为整个数据有误(建议)，可以认为将这些错误数据抛出即可
request_data = request.data
try:
pks = []
for dic in request_data:
pk = dic.pop('pk') # 解决分析1，没有pk pop方法就会抛异常
pks.append(pk)
book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=pks).all()
if len(pks) != len(book_query):
raise Exception('pk对应的数据不存在')
except Exception as e:
return Response({'detail': '%s' % e}, status=400)
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=book_query, data=request_data, many=True)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_list = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(results=serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_list, many=True).data)
局部单改群改
# 局部单改群改
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk: # 单改
try:
book_instance = models.Book.objects.get(is_delete=False, pk=pk)
except:
return Response({'detail': 'pk error'}, status=400)
# 设置partial=True的序列化类，参与反序列化的字段，都会置为选填字段
# 1）提供了值的字段发生修改。
# 2）没有提供的字段采用被修改对象原来的值
# 设置context的值，目的：在序列化完成自定义校验(局部与全局钩子)时，可能需要视图类中的变量，如请求对象request
# 可以通过context将其传入，在序列化校验方法中，self.context就能拿到传入的视图类中的变量
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=book_instance, data=request.data, partial=True, context={'request': request})
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_obj = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(results=serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data)
else: # 群改
request_data = request.data
try:
pks = []
for dic in request_data:
pk = dic.pop('pk')
pks.append(pk)
book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False, pk__in=pks).all()
if len(pks) != len(book_query):
raise Exception('pk对应的数据不存在')
except Exception as e:
return Response({'detail': '%s' % e}, status=400)
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(instance=book_query, data=request_data, many=True, partial=True)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_list = book_ser.save()
return APIResponse(results=serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_list, many=True).data)
设置context的值，目的：在序列化完成自定义校验(局部与全局钩子)时，可能需要视图类中的变量，这是就可以通过context将变量传入， 如把request传入
序列化类
class BookModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
list_serializer_class = BookListerSerializer
model = models.Book
fields = ['name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors', 'publish_info', 'author_list']
extra_kwargs = {
'publish': {
'write_only': True
},.
'authors': {
'write_only': True
}
}
# 验证视图类是否将request请求参数通过context传入
def validate(self, attrs):
print("传入的request参数：%s" % self.context.get('request'))
return attrs
