WPF开发快速入门【8】WPF进行简单的3D开发

概述

本文介绍采用WPF进行3D开发的一些基础知识,还有HelixToolkit控件的介绍以及在MVVM模式下使用3D框架。

 

3D开发入门

官方文档对3D开发的一些基础知识已经描述的比较详细了:三维图形概述 - WPF .NET Framework | Microsoft Docs

在学习WPF 3D前应首先了解文档中介绍的一些基本概念。

通过以下代码我们创建了一个基本的立方体

    <Grid>
        <Border  Grid.Column="0" BorderThickness="1" BorderBrush="Gray">
            <Viewport3D >
                <Viewport3D.Camera>
                    <PerspectiveCamera Position="6 5 4" LookDirection="-6 -5 -4"/>
                </Viewport3D.Camera>
                <ModelVisual3D>
                    <ModelVisual3D.Content>
                        <DirectionalLight  Direction="-1,-1,-1"/>
                    </ModelVisual3D.Content>
                </ModelVisual3D>
                <ModelVisual3D>
                    <ModelVisual3D.Content>
                        <GeometryModel3D>
                            <GeometryModel3D.Geometry>
                                <MeshGeometry3D Positions="0 0 0  1 0 0  0 1 0  1 1 0  0 0 1  1 0 1  0 1 1  1 1 1"
                                                TriangleIndices="2 3 1  2 1 0  7 1 3  7 5 1  6 5 7  6 4 5  6 2 0  2 0 4  2 7 3  2 6 7  0 1 5  0 5 4">
                                </MeshGeometry3D>
                            </GeometryModel3D.Geometry>
                            <GeometryModel3D.Material>
                                <DiffuseMaterial>
                                    <DiffuseMaterial.Brush>
                                        <SolidColorBrush Color="Red"/>
                                    </DiffuseMaterial.Brush>
                                </DiffuseMaterial>
                            </GeometryModel3D.Material>
                        </GeometryModel3D>
                    </ModelVisual3D.Content>
                </ModelVisual3D>
            </Viewport3D>
        </Border>
    </Grid>
View Code

可以先拷贝并修改以上代码查看效果。

 

HelixToolkit框架

采用原生的框架进行开发是比较困难或麻烦的,所以考虑采用第三方框架进行开发。

HelixToolkit提供一些3D模型组件,可以方便用户使用

开源项目地址:GitHub - helix-toolkit/helix-toolkit: Helix Toolkit is a collection of 3D components for .NET

先看一段设计代码:

        <HelixToolkit:HelixViewport3D ShowFrameRate="True" 
                       ZoomExtentsWhenLoaded="True"
                        ZoomAroundMouseDownPoint="True"
                        RotateAroundMouseDownPoint="True"
                        IsTopBottomViewOrientedToFrontBack="True"
                        IsViewCubeEdgeClicksEnabled="True"> <HelixToolkit:SunLight /> <ModelVisual3D x:Name="model"></ModelVisual3D> <!-- You can also add elements here in the xaml --> <HelixToolkit:GridLinesVisual3D Width="180" Length="180" MajorDistance="10" MinorDistance="10" Thickness="0.1" /> </HelixToolkit:HelixViewport3D>

控件要求所有内容应包含在HelixToolkit:HelixViewport3D标签内,包括:光照、地平线和其他模型。

模型一般采用ModelVisual3D 标签,定义模型的方式有两种:标签或代码:

用标签定义:

            <ModelVisual3D>
                <ModelVisual3D.Content>
                    <GeometryModel3D>
                        <GeometryModel3D.Geometry>
                            <MeshGeometry3D x:Name="meshMain"
                                 Positions="50 50 50  71 60 60  60 71 60  71 71 60  60 60 71  71 60 71  60 71 71  71 71 71"
                                 TriangleIndices="2 3 1  2 1 0  7 1 3  7 5 1  6 5 7  6 4 5  6 2 0  2 0 4  2 7 3  2 6 7  0 1 5  0 5 4">
                            </MeshGeometry3D>
                        </GeometryModel3D.Geometry>
                        <GeometryModel3D.Material>
                            <DiffuseMaterial x:Name="matDiffuseMain">
                                <DiffuseMaterial.Brush>
                                    <SolidColorBrush Color="LightPink"/>
                                </DiffuseMaterial.Brush>
                            </DiffuseMaterial>
                        </GeometryModel3D.Material>
                    </GeometryModel3D>
                </ModelVisual3D.Content>
            </ModelVisual3D>

 用代码定义:

设计端:  
<ModelVisual3D x:Name="model"/>

代码端:
    public partial class MainWindow : Window
    {
        public MainWindow()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            this.Loaded += MainWindow_Loaded;
        }

        private void MainWindow_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
        {
            // Create a model group
                       Model3DGroup modelGroup = new Model3DGroup();

            MeshBuilder meshBoxBuilder = new MeshBuilder(false, false);
            meshBoxBuilder.AddBox(new Point3D(0, 0, 0), 40, 40, 40);
            MeshGeometry3D meshBox = meshBoxBuilder.ToMesh(true);
            var whiteMaterial = MaterialHelper.CreateMaterial(Colors.Green);
            var insideMaterial = MaterialHelper.CreateMaterial(Colors.Gray);
            modelGroup.Children.Add(new GeometryModel3D { Geometry = meshBox, Material = whiteMaterial, BackMaterial = insideMaterial });

            this.model.Content = modelGroup;
        }
    }

 框架也支持MVVM模式

设计端:
<Window x:Class="Learn3D.Helix.MainWindow">
    <Window.DataContext>
        <local:MainViewModel />
    </Window.DataContext>
    <Grid>
        <HelixToolkit:HelixViewport3D >           
            <!--  The content of this visual is defined in MainViewModel.cs  -->
            <ModelVisual3D Content="{Binding Model}" /> 
        </HelixToolkit:HelixViewport3D>
    </Grid>
</Window>

代码端:
 public class MainViewModel
    {
        public Model3D Model { get; set; }
        public MainViewModel()
        {
            // Create a model group
                Model3DGroup modelGroup = new Model3DGroup();

            // Create a mesh builder and add a box to it
                MeshBuilder meshBuilder = new MeshBuilder(false, false);
            meshBuilder.AddBox(new Point3D(0, 0, 0), 20, 10, 5);

            // Create a mesh from the builder (and freeze it)
                MeshGeometry3D mesh = meshBuilder.ToMesh(true);

            // Create some materials       
                var blueMaterial = MaterialHelper.CreateMaterial(Colors.Red);
            var insideMaterial = MaterialHelper.CreateMaterial(Colors.Yellow);

            // Add model to the group (using the same mesh, that's why we had to freeze it)    
                modelGroup.Children.Add(new GeometryModel3D { Geometry = mesh, Transform = new TranslateTransform3D(60, 0, 60), Material = blueMaterial, BackMaterial = insideMaterial });

            // Set the property, which will be bound to the Content property of the ModelVisual3D (see MainWindow.xaml)
                this.Model = modelGroup;
        }
    }

 基本上我一般不会采用这种方式,而是和Stylet框架结合使用。

 

HelixToolkit和Stylet框架结合

和Stylet框架相关的知识这里就不重复介绍了,不了解的可以去看我博客内的相关文章。

这里主要演示使用Stylet框架实现模型的变化。

基本原理如下:

首先建立一个模型,并绑定到ViewModel内的一个对象

前端:
<ModelVisual3D Content="{Binding ModelDynamic}" />

后端:
public Model3D ModelDynamic { get; set; }

 当用户通过界面上的控件修改模型的属性时,将触发事件,在事件内重新构造模型即可实现模型的变化,包括:颜色、大小、位置、纹理等所有属性。我以颜色变化举例:

                public byte Color_R { get; set; } = 0;
        public byte Color_G { get; set; } = 0;
        public byte Color_B { get; set; } = 0;

        private void InitColorBind()
        {
            this.Bind(s => Color_R, (o, e) => ColorChanged());
            this.Bind(s => Color_G, (o, e) => ColorChanged());
            this.Bind(s => Color_B, (o, e) => ColorChanged());
        }

        public void ColorChanged()
        {
            LoadDynamicModel();
        }

重新构造模型:

          public Model3D ModelDynamic { get; set; }
        public void LoadDynamicModel()
        {
            // Create some materials           
                var redMaterial = MaterialHelper.CreateMaterial(Color.FromRgb(Color_R, Color_G, Color_B));
            var insideMaterial = MaterialHelper.CreateMaterial(Colors.Gray);

            // Create a model group
                Model3DGroup modelDynamic = new Model3DGroup();

            //模型
                MeshBuilder meshBoxBuilder = new MeshBuilder(false, false);
            meshBoxBuilder.AddEllipsoid(new Point3D(20, 20, 10), 5, 5, 5);
            MeshGeometry3D meshBox = meshBoxBuilder.ToMesh(true);
            modelDynamic.Children.Add(new GeometryModel3D { Geometry = meshBox, Material = redMaterial, BackMaterial = insideMaterial });

            this.ModelDynamic = modelDynamic;
        }

 

加载模型

全部通过代码来实现模型是非常困难的,特别是一些较复杂的模型,可以通过3D软件进行设计,并把设计好的模型导入进来,这样就比较愉快了。

          public Model3DGroup ModelBase { get; set; }
        private void LoadBaseModel()
        {
            model_1 = LoadModel(@"D:\3DModel\1.stl");   
            ModelBase = new Model3DGroup();
            ModelBase.Children.Add(model_1);           
        }

 LoadModel方法如下:

        private Model3DGroup LoadModel(string path)
        {
            if (path == null)
            {
                return null;
            }

            string ext = System.IO.Path.GetExtension(path).ToLower();

            Model3DGroup model;
            switch (ext)
            {
                case ".3ds":
                    {
                        var r = new HelixToolkit.Wpf.StudioReader();
                        model = r.Read(path);
                        break;
                    }

                case ".lwo":
                    {
                        var r = new HelixToolkit.Wpf.LwoReader();
                        model = r.Read(path);

                        break;
                    }

                case ".obj":
                    {
                        var r = new HelixToolkit.Wpf.ObjReader();
                        model = r.Read(path);
                        break;
                    }

                case ".objz":
                    {
                        var r = new HelixToolkit.Wpf.ObjReader();
                        model = r.ReadZ(path);
                        break;
                    }

                case ".stl":
                    {
                        var r = new HelixToolkit.Wpf.StLReader();
                        model = r.Read(path);
                        break;
                    }

                case ".off":
                    {
                        var r = new HelixToolkit.Wpf.OffReader();
                        model = r.Read(path);
                        break;
                    }

                default:
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("File format not supported.");
            }

            return model;
        }
View Code

该方法支持的格式比较多,推荐stl格式。

在实际件使用时,组件内是可以加入多个模型的,可以把不会变化的模型采用导入的方式来实现,有些变化的模型(尺寸、位置、颜色等)通过代码来实现。

最后需要说明的是,采用WPF进行3D开发,其功能是很有限的,很难实现较复杂的效果和交互功能,想要更好的效果可能采用Unity更加合适了。

 

资源

系列目录:WPF开发快速入门【0】前言与目录 

代码下载:Learn WPF: WPF学习笔记 (gitee.com)

posted @ 2022-08-29 17:41  seabluescn  阅读(5319)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报