What are the lesser known but useful data structures? via stackoverflow

What are the lesser known but useful data structures?

There are some data structures around that are really useful but are unknown to most programmers. Which ones are they?

Everybody knows about linked lists, binary trees, and hashes, but what about Skip lists and Bloom filters for example. I would like to know more data structures that are not so common, but are worth knowing because they rely on great ideas and enrich a programmer's tool box.

PS:
I am also interested in techniques like Dancing links which make clever use of properties of a common data structure.

EDIT:
Please try to include links to pages describing the data structures in more detail. Also, try to add a couple of words on why a data structure is cool (as Jonas Kölker already pointed out). Also, try to provide one data-structure per answer. This will allow the better data structures to float to the top based on their votes alone.

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在大数据日知录 第3章 有介绍Bloom Filter ,Skip Lst, LSM 树，Merkle哈希树， Snappy 与LZSS算法，cuckoo哈希