学习python的day6之字典与集合

一、字典

1.特点:

1.字典的符号是大括号

2.数据以键值对形式出现

3.各键值对用逗号分隔

创建字典

有数据的字典

dict1 = {'name':'张山','age':'19','sex':'男' }

空字典

dict2 = {}

dict3 = dict{}

注意:冒号前面的key是键,冒号后面的value是值

2.操作

增加

写法:字典序列[key] = 值

注意:如果key存在则修改这个key的值,不存在就新增这个键值对

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
dict1['name'] = '李四'
print(dict1)
dict1['id'] = 1
print(dict1)
'''
输出:
{'name': '李四', 'age': 18, 'sex': '男'}
{'name': '李四', 'age': 18, 'sex': '男', 'id': 1}
'''

3.删除

del()/del:删除字典或删除字典中指定的键值对

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
del dict1['sex']
print(dict1)
del dict1
print(dict1)

'''
输出:
{'name': '张山', 'age': 18}
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/as_sc/PycharmProjects/untitled/hm-python-day6/01-增加数据.py", line 16, in <module>
    print(dict1)
NameError: name 'dict1' is not defined
'''

clear():清空字典

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
dict1.clear()
print(dict1)
'''
输出:
{}
'''

4.修改

写法:字典序列[key] = 值

该写法的效果与新增的相同

5.查找

key值查找:如果key存在则返回对应的值,否则报错。

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
print(dict1['name'])
print(dict1['nss'])
'''
输出:
张山
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/as_sc/PycharmProjects/untitled/hm-python-day6/01-增加数据.py", line 35, in <module>
    print(dict1['nss'])
KeyError: 'nss'
'''

get()

语法:字典序列.get(key,默认值)

注意:如果当前查找的key不存在则返回第二个参数,如果省略第二个参数,则返回None

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
print(dict1.get('name'))
print(dict1.get('name',13))
print(dict1.get('nae'))
print(dict1.get('nae',12))
'''
输出:
张山
张山
None
12
'''

keys()和values() 

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
print(dict1.keys())
print(dict1.values())

'''
dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'sex'])
dict_values(['张山', 18, '男'])

'''

查找字典中所有的key或value,返回一个可迭代对象

items()

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
print(dict1.items())
'''
输出:
dict_items([('name', '张山'), ('age', 18), ('sex', '男')])
'''

查找字典中所有的键值对,返回可迭代对象,里面的数据是元组,元组数据1是字典的key,元组数据2是字典的key对应的值

6.循环遍历

遍历字典的key

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
for i in dict1.keys():
    print(i)
'''
输出:
name
age
sex
'''

 

遍历字典的value

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
for i in dict1.values():
    print(i)
'''
输出:
张山
18
男
'''

 

遍历字典的元素

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
for item in dict1.items():
    print(item)
'''
输出:
('name', '张山')
('age', 18)
('sex', '男')
'''

 

遍历字典的键值对(对键值对拆包)

dict1 = {'name':'张山', 'age':18, 'sex':''}
for key,value in dict1.items():
    print(f'{key}:{value}')
'''
输出:
name:张山
age:18
sex:男

'''

二、集合

创建集合使用set()或{},如果要创建空集合只能用set(),因为{}用来创建空字典了

集合是无序的,所以不支持下标操作,且有去重功能

set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40}
print(set1)
print(type(set1))
set2 = set('abcdf')
print(set2)
print(type(set2))
set3 = {10, 10, 2, 2, 30, 30, 4, 4, 5}
print(set3)
print(type(set3))
'''
输出:
{40, 10, 20, 30}
<class 'set'>
{'d', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'f'}
<class 'set'>
{2, 4, 5, 10, 30}
<class 'set'>

'''

注意:用set()创建字典,只能以一个字符串的形式来创建

set1 = set('abcdef')
print(set1)
print(type(set1))
set2 = set('abcdef','def','edf')
print(set2)
print(type(set2))
'''
输出:
{'e', 'f', 'd', 'a', 'b', 'c'}
<class 'set'>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/as_sc/PycharmProjects/untitled/hm-python-day6/02-集合.py", line 26, in <module>
    set2 = set('abcdef','def','edf')
TypeError: set expected at most 1 argument, got 3
'''

创建空集合,只能用set()

set1 = set()
print(set1)
print(type(set1))
set2 = {}
print(set2)
print(type(set2))
'''
输出:
set()
<class 'set'>
{}
<class 'dict'>
'''

集合常见操作方法

增加

因为集合有去重功能,所以如果集合中存在要添加的数据,则不会进行任何操作

add()    用来追加一个数据,追加序列会报错

set1 = {'10','34'}
set1.add('10')
print(set1)
set2 = {'12', '23'}
set2.add('121')
print(set2)
'''
输出:
{'34', '10'}
{'23', '121', '12'}
'''

update()   用来追加一个序列,追加单一数据会报错

set1 = {'ss', '24'}
set1.update(['se', 'ef'])
print(set1)
'''
输出:
{'ef', '24', 'se', 'ss'}
'''

remove():删除集合中指定数据,如果数据不存在,则报错

set1 = {'rf', 'ds', 30}
set1.remove('ds')
print(set1)

set2 = {'ss', 'oj', 98}
set2.remove(100)
print(set2)  #报错
'''
输出:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/as_sc/PycharmProjects/untitled/hm-python-day6/02-集合.py", line 77, in <module>
    set2.remove(100)
KeyError: 100
{'rf', 30}

'''

discard():删除指定数据,数据不存在也不会报错

set1 = {'rf', 'ds', 30}
set1.discard('ds')
print(set1)

set2 = {'ss', 'oj', 98}
set2.discard(100)
print(set2) 
'''
输出:
{'rf', 30}
{'ss', 'oj', 98}
'''

pop():随机删除某个数据,并返回该数据

set1 = {'rf', 'ds', 30}
a = set1.pop()
print(a)
print(set1)

set2 = {'ss', 'oj', 98}
b = set2.pop()
print(b)
print(set2)
'''
输出:
第一次输出
ds
{'rf', 30}
oj
{98, 'ss'}
第二次输出:
ds
{'rf', 30}
98
{'ss', 'oj'}
'''

查找数据

in:判断数据是否在集合中,在返回true,反之false

not in:判断数据是否不在集合中,不在返回true,反之false

set1 = {'rf', 'ds', 30}
print('rf' in set1)
print('ra' in set1)
print('ra' not in set1)
print('rf' not in set1)
'''
输出:
True
False
True
False

'''

 

posted @ 2020-10-18 16:26  as_scheduled  阅读(136)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报