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The high level of English is a standard for a top student.
IELTS: (https://www.ielts.org/what-is-ielts/ielts-for-study)
IELTS introduction:
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) measures the language proficiency of people who want to study or work where English is used as a language of communication. It uses a nine-band scale to clearly identify levels of proficiency, from non-user (band score 1) through to expert (band score 9).
IELTS Academic or IELTS General Training
IELTS is available in two test versions: Academic - for people applying for higher education or professional registration, and General Training for those migrating to Australia, Canada and the UK, or applying for secondary education, training programmes and work experience in an English-speaking environment. Both versions provide a valid and accurate assessment of the four language skills: listening, reading, writing and speaking.
IELTS Academic
The IELTS Academic test is suitable for entry to study at undergraduate or postgraduate levels, and also for professional registration purposes. It assesses whether you are ready to begin studying or training in an environment where English language is used, and reflects some of the features of language used in academic study.
IELTS Online Tutorial is a web-based platform designed for people who use IELTS results in their place of work. It provides an overview of test development, assessment and score processing for educational institutions, professional bodies, governments and employers.
There are four sections within the IELTS Online Tutorial:
- Overview: A brief explanation of the purpose of IELTS and how it is used as evidence of English abilities around the world.
- IELTS Results: Information about how to ensure the IELTS results you receive from your applicants are genuine.
- Band Scores: Details about IELTS scoring to help you determine the minimum level of English language skills required at your organisation.
- Four Skills: A review of the test format including sample questions from each section of the test (Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking).
Topics covered include:
- What the IELTS test is, the test format, assessment and marking
- How the IELTS test can help you meet your organisation’s needs
- How to access and apply for the IELTS Results Verification Service
- IELTS band scores and how to set your IELTS requirements
- Detailed information on each of the four test sections
- Examples of IELTS questions and sample responses
Indoor Navigation Anywhere: Is It Beyond Reach?
Let’s start by examining why GPS cannot be relied upon for indoor navigation. The first step in GPS navigation is positioning. Essentially, the receiver chip of the GPS system running on a handheld device picks up positioning signals from satellites and calculates the coordinates of the receiving device. Signals from a GPS satellite have poor penetration and are often blocked by building walls. Moreover, even with accurate positioning results, map information that most navigation applications depend on is not widely available for indoor scenarios. Real-time GPS-based indoor navigation is therefore out of the question.
the current applicable ideas for indoor navigation
（1）Bluetooth beacon positioning
（2）Wi-Fi-based positioning
（3）dedicated equipment within various indoor locations
Path Guide: A Flexible Solution to Indoor Navigation
The Path Guide Android-based mobile app is user-friendly and can be installed directly onto a user’s smartphone, without the need for indoor maps or for building to have any special pre-installed hardware (including Wi-Fi routers).
To make the system work for anyone, we developed a peer-to-peer leader/follower model. Once a user goes to an indoor location using the app to record sensor data along a path, any other user can follow that path and get there. As more users collect data, different paths can be combined that make the system even more useful. This approach has two main benefits: First, the system is completely plug-and-play. Any two users in any building can use indoor navigation from scratch. Second, by combining data from multiple users, we can amplify the benefits of every single collected path, providing more navigation opportunities to more people with improved user experience.
Research
There have been several attempts to build indoor navigation services at large scale. However, this is a notoriously hard problem – the lack of map information, the requirement of specialized hardware or onerous calibration processes make these systems costly and difficult to deploy and maintain.
Path Guide provides a location-free indoor navigation solution that does not rely on infrastructure (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth) nor maps. Instead, a leader walks a path once and others can follow that path. During leader’s walk, location-specific features extracted from sensory data are combined with his/her walking patterns (e.g., steps, turns, going upstairs or downstairs) to build reference traces that can be pushed to the cloud and shared with others. During navigation, Path Guide compares and synchronizes sensor readings along a trajectory with a reference trace, and guides the user, in real time, from starting location to final destination. In this way, irrespective of incomplete map information, Path Guide can navigate users to any point of interest (PoI) as long as the PoI has been visited and recorded by another user.
We built an end-to-end system that combines a mobile Android app and Azure-hosted cloud services. Some of our research contributions include:
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- IMU-based user motion detection
- Online data trace synchronization with linear computation overhead
- Techniques to handle device and usage diversity
- Walking deviation detection and recovery
- Web app for app-less indoor navigation
- RESTful web service and cloud support for trace indexing and search
- Cloud-powered trace manipulation that enables scalable deployment
3. Related introduction
Recently, the development of engineering technology drives people to devise goods for convenience in everyday life, and the research utilizing the robots for the better of the life is conducted in many areas. And such robots are applied not only at the industrial sites but also at the houses, medical uses, and etc. However, due to the diversity and complexity of the project formation, different from the former robots, which performs simple repetitive works only, the robots with the ability to make appropriate decisions as to fit the situation and those with ability to appropriate correspond are needed. Particularly, in the case of mobile robot, the problems regarding the robots are unable to avoid sudden obstacles, which are not marked in the environmental map, and select the best path brought up.
Thus, the system proposed in this paper was constructed in order that the mobile robot can obtain the optimum path by utilizing the information according to the environmental map, based on the Global Path Planning. Also, by importing the Local Path Planning method, the mobile robot was constructed to avoid the obstacles, which were not shown in the environmental map. Particularly, it is possible for the robots to plan similar path by combining the Local and Global Path Planning together. At the same time, the focus was on the materialization of effective mobile robot's navigation. It was made possible by using the Fuzzy Logic Control. Also, the validity of the algorithm proposed was proven through the trial experiment.
