1 步骤：

1.1 初始化ADC

ADC_HandleTypeDef hadc1;

void MX_ADC1_Init(void)
{
  ADC_ChannelConfTypeDef sConfig = {0};

  hadc1.Instance = ADC1;
  hadc1.Init.ClockPrescaler = ADC_CLOCK_SYNC_PCLK_DIV4;  //四分频，ADCCLK=PCLK2/4
  hadc1.Init.Resolution = ADC_RESOLUTION_12B;  //12位模式
  hadc1.Init.ScanConvMode = DISABLE;  //非扫描模式
  hadc1.Init.ContinuousConvMode = DISABLE;  //非连续转换模式
  hadc1.Init.DiscontinuousConvMode = DISABLE;  //禁止不连续采样模式
  hadc1.Init.ExternalTrigConvEdge = ADC_EXTERNALTRIGCONVEDGE_NONE;  //使用软件触发
  hadc1.Init.ExternalTrigConv = ADC_SOFTWARE_START;  //软件触发
  hadc1.Init.DataAlign = ADC_DATAALIGN_RIGHT;  //右对齐（推荐）
  hadc1.Init.NbrOfConversion = 1; //1个转换在规则序列中
  hadc1.Init.DMAContinuousRequests = DISABLE;  //关闭DMA请求
  hadc1.Init.EOCSelection = ADC_EOC_SINGLE_CONV;  //关闭EOC中断
    
  HAL_ADC_Init(&hadc1);  //初始化

1.2 配置ADC底层驱动，配置引脚

void HAL_ADC_MspInit(ADC_HandleTypeDef* adcHandle)
{

  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  if(adcHandle->Instance==ADC1)  //判断是否为ADC1
  {
    __HAL_RCC_ADC1_CLK_ENABLE();  //使能ADC1时钟
    __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();  //开启GPIOA时钟

    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_5;  //PA5
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_ANALOG; //模拟
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;  //不带上下拉
    HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

    HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(ADC_IRQn, 0, 0);
    HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(ADC_IRQn);
  }
}

1.3 配置通道，读取ADC值

uint16_t Get_ADC(uint32_t channel)
{
    ADC_ChannelConfTypeDef sConfig = {0};
    
    sConfig.Channel = channel;  //通道，取值范围ADC_CHANNEL_0～ADC_CHANNEL_16
  sConfig.Rank = 1; //第1个序列，序列1
  sConfig.SamplingTime = ADC_SAMPLETIME_3CYCLES;  //采样时间
    HAL_ADC_ConfigChannel(&hadc1, &sConfig);
    
    HAL_ADC_Start(&hadc1);  //开启ADC
    HAL_ADC_PollForConversion(&hadc1,10); //轮询转换
    return (uint16_t)HAL_ADC_GetValue(&hadc1);  //返回最近转换结果
}