源码分析之List（三）LinkedList

　　LinkedList继承于AbstractSequentialList的双向链表，实现List接口，因此也可以对其进行队列操作，它也实现了Deque接口，所以LinkedList也可当做双端队列使用，还有LinkedList是非同步的。由于LinkedList的底层是双向链表，因此其顺序访问的效率非常高，而随机访问的效率就比较低了(LinkedList并没有实现RandomAccess)，因为通过索引去访问的时候，首先会比较索引值和链表长度的1/2，若前者大，则从链表尾开始寻找，否则从链表头开始寻找。

整体架构

• Node: 代表链中的每个节，Node 的 prev 属性，代表前一个节点的地址，Node 的next 属性，代表后一个节点的地址；
• first :代表双向链表的头节点，它的前一个节点是 null。
• last: 代表双向链表的尾节点，它的后一个节点是 null；
• 如果链表中没有任何数据时，头节点first 和 尾节点last 是同一个节点，前后指向都是 null；
• 因为LinkedList集合是个双向链表，所以机器只要有足够强大的内存，对于LinkedList集合而言是没有大小限制的。

LinkedList源码分析

public class LinkedList<E> extends AbstractSequentialList<E> implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
    transient int size = 0;

    /**
     * Pointer to first node. transient修饰的属性不会被序列化
     */
    transient Node<E> first;

    /**
     * Pointer to last node.
     */
    transient Node<E> last;

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list.
     */
    public LinkedList() {
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
     * @param  c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
*/
    public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        this();
        addAll(c);
    }

    /**
     * Links e as first element.  从头部增加节点
     */
    private void linkFirst(E e) {　　　　　//把头节点赋值给临时变量
        final Node<E> f = first;        //新建一个节点
        final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(null, e, f);        //新节点成为头节点
        first = newNode;        //头节点为空，则是空链表，头尾节点是一个节点
        if (f == null)
            last = newNode;　　　　 //上一个节点的头节点指向当前节点
        else
            f.prev = newNode;
        size++;
        modCount++;
    }

    /**
     * Links e as last element. 从尾部增加节点
     */
    void linkLast(E e) {
        final Node<E> l = last;
        final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
        last = newNode;
        if (l == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            l.next = newNode;
        size++;
        modCount++;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.  在指定节点前增加元素e
     */
    void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
        // assert succ != null;
        final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
        final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
        succ.prev = newNode;
        if (pred == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            pred.next = newNode;
        size++;
        modCount++;
    }

    /**
     * Unlinks non-null first node f. 从头删除节点，f是头节点
     */
    private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) {
        // assert f == first && f != null;
        final E element = f.item;
        final Node<E> next = f.next;
        f.item = null;
        f.next = null; // help GC
        first = next;
        if (next == null)
            last = null;
        else
            next.prev = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

    /** 
     * Unlinks non-null last node l. 从尾删除节点，f是尾节点
     */
    private E unlinkLast(Node<E> l) {
        // assert l == last && l != null;
        final E element = l.item;
        final Node<E> prev = l.prev;
        l.item = null;
        l.prev = null; // help GC
        last = prev;
        if (prev == null)
            first = null;
        else
            prev.next = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

    /**
     * Unlinks non-null node x.
     */
    E unlink(Node<E> x) {
        // assert x != null;
        final E element = x.item;
        final Node<E> next = x.next;
        final Node<E> prev = x.prev;

        if (prev == null) {
            first = next;
        } else {
            prev.next = next;
            x.prev = null;
        }

        if (next == null) {
            last = prev;
        } else {
            next.prev = prev;
            x.next = null;
        }

        x.item = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the first element in this list.
     * @return the first element in this list
*/
    public E getFirst() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        if (f == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return f.item;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the last element in this list.
     * @return the last element in this list
*/
    public E getLast() {
        final Node<E> l = last;
        if (l == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return l.item;
    }

    /**
     * Removes and returns the first element from this list.
     * @return the first element from this list
*/
    public E removeFirst() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        if (f == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return unlinkFirst(f);
    }

    /**
     * Removes and returns the last element from this list.
     * @return the last element from this list
*/
    public E removeLast() {
        final Node<E> l = last;
        if (l == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return unlinkLast(l);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the beginning of this list.
     * @param e the element to add
     */
    public void addFirst(E e) {
        linkFirst(e);
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     * @param e the element to add
     */
    public void addLast(E e) {
        linkLast(e);
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this list contains the specified element.
     * @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
     * @return {@code true} if this list contains the specified element
     */
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return indexOf(o) != -1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in this list.
     * @return the number of elements in this list
     */
    public int size() {
        return size;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        linkLast(e);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present.  If this list does not contain the element, it is unchanged.  
     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
     * @return {@code true} if this list contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (x.item == null) {
                    unlink(x);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (o.equals(x.item)) {
                    unlink(x);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list
     * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
     * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
*/
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        return addAll(size, c);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified position.  
     * @param index index at which to insert the first element from the specified collection
     * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
     * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call*/
    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
        checkPositionIndex(index);

        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        if (numNew == 0)
            return false;

        Node<E> pred, succ;
        if (index == size) {
            succ = null;
            pred = last;
        } else {
            succ = node(index);
            pred = succ.prev;
        }

        for (Object o : a) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) o;
            Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, null);
            if (pred == null)
                first = newNode;
            else
                pred.next = newNode;
            pred = newNode;
        }

        if (succ == null) {
            last = pred;
        } else {
            pred.next = succ;
            succ.prev = pred;
        }

        size += numNew;
        modCount++;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will be empty after this call returns.
     */
    public void clear() {
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; ) {
            Node<E> next = x.next;
            x.item = null;
            x.next = null;
            x.prev = null;
            x = next;
        }
        first = last = null;
        size = 0;
        modCount++;
    }　　//Position Access Operations
    /**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.  需要从头部或尾部遍历，效率很低
     * @param index index of the element to return
     * @return the element at the specified position in this list
   */
    public E get(int index) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        return node(index).item;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.  需要从头部或尾部遍历，效率很低
     * @param index index of the element to replace
     * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
     * @return the element previously at the specified position
*/
    public E set(int index, E element) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        Node<E> x = node(index);
        E oldVal = x.item;
        x.item = element;
        return oldVal;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
     * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
     * @param element element to be inserted
*/
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        checkPositionIndex(index);

        if (index == size)
            linkLast(element);
        else
            linkBefore(element, node(index));
    }

    /**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.  
     * @param index the index of the element to be removed
     * @return the element previously at the specified position
*/
    public E remove(int index) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        return unlink(node(index));
    }

    /**
     * Tells if the argument is the index of an existing element.
     */
    private boolean isElementIndex(int index) {
        return index >= 0 && index < size;
    }

    /**
     * Tells if the argument is the index of a valid position for an iterator or an add operation.
     */
    private boolean isPositionIndex(int index) {
        return index >= 0 && index <= size;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an IndexOutOfBoundsException detail message.
     */
    private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
        return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
    }

    private void checkElementIndex(int index) {
        if (!isElementIndex(index))
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    private void checkPositionIndex(int index) {
        if (!isPositionIndex(index))
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
     */
    Node<E> node(int index) {
        // assert isElementIndex(index);

        if (index < (size >> 1)) {
            Node<E> x = first;
            for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
                x = x.next;
            return x;
        } else {
            Node<E> x = last;
            for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
                x = x.prev;
            return x;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
     * @param o element to search for
     * @return the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
     */
    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        int index = 0;
        if (o == null) {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (x.item == null)
                    return index;
                index++;
            }
        } else {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (o.equals(x.item))
                    return index;
                index++;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
     * @param o element to search for
     * @return the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
        int index = size;
        if (o == null) {
            for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
                index--;
                if (x.item == null)
                    return index;
            }
        } else {
            for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
                index--;
                if (o.equals(x.item))
                    return index;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }
    //Queue Operations 队列操作

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list. 返回头节点的值
     * @return the head of this list, or {@code null} if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E peek() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        return (f == null) ? null : f.item;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.返回头节点的值，头节点为空时抛异常
     * @return the head of this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E element() { 
        return getFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list. 弹出头节点
     * @return the head of this list, or {@code null} if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E poll() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        return (f == null) ? null : unlinkFirst(f);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list.
     * @return the head of this list
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public E remove() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified element as the tail (last element) of this list. 在列表尾部增加一个元素
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public boolean offer(E e) {
        return add(e);
    }

    // Deque operations 双端队列操作,支持两端插入和删除元素
    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this list.
     * @param e the element to insert
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Deque#offerFirst})
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
        addFirst(e);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this list.
     * @param e the element to insert
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Deque#offerLast})
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean offerLast(E e) {
        addLast(e);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this list,or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
     * @return the first element of this list, or {@code null}if this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E peekFirst() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        return (f == null) ? null : f.item;
     }

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this list, or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
     * @return the last element of this list, or {@code null}if this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E peekLast() {
        final Node<E> l = last;
        return (l == null) ? null : l.item;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the first element of this list, or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
     * @return the first element of this list, or {@code null} if
     *     this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E pollFirst() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        return (f == null) ? null : unlinkFirst(f);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the last element of this list, or returns {@code null} if this list is empty.
     * @return the last element of this list, or {@code null} if this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E pollLast() {
        final Node<E> l = last;
        return (l == null) ? null : unlinkLast(l);
    }

    /**
     * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list.  In other  words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
     *
     * @param e the element to push
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public void push(E e) {
        addFirst(e);
    }

    /**
     * Pops an element from the stack represented by this list.  In other words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the element at the front of this list (which is the top
     *         of the stack represented by this list)
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this list is empty
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public E pop() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this list (when traversing the list from head to tail).  If the list
     * does not contain the element, it is unchanged. 移除第一次出现的元素，从前向后遍历
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
     * @return {@code true} if the list contained the specified element
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
        return remove(o);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the last occurrence of the specified element in this list (when traversing the list from head to tail).  If the list
     * does not contain the element, it is unchanged. 移除第一次出现的元素，从后向前遍历
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
     * @return {@code true} if the list contained the specified element
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
                if (x.item == null) {
                    unlink(x);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
                if (o.equals(x.item)) {
                    unlink(x);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
private static class Node<E> {
        E item;
        Node<E> next;
        Node<E> prev;

        Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
            this.item = element;
            this.next = next;
            this.prev = prev;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
        return new DescendingIterator();
    }

    /**
     * Adapter to provide descending iterators via ListItr.previous
     */
    private class DescendingIterator implements Iterator<E> {
        private final ListItr itr = new ListItr(size());
        public boolean hasNext() {
            return itr.hasPrevious();
        }
        public E next() {
            return itr.previous();
        }
        public void remove() {
            itr.remove();
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private LinkedList<E> superClone() {
        try {
            return (LinkedList<E>) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a shallow copy of this {@code LinkedList}. (The elements themselves are not cloned.)
     * @return a shallow copy of this {@code LinkedList} instance
     */
    public Object clone() {
        LinkedList<E> clone = superClone();

        // Put clone into "virgin" state
        clone.first = clone.last = null;
        clone.size = 0;
        clone.modCount = 0;

        // Initialize clone with our elements
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
            clone.add(x.item);

        return clone;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).
     * @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence
     */
    public Object[] toArray() {
        Object[] result = new Object[size];
        int i = 0;
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
            result[i++] = x.item;
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of
     * the returned array is that of the specified array.  If the list fits in the specified array, it is returned therein.  Otherwise, a new
     * array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this list.
     * @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to
     *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
     *          same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
     * @return an array containing the elements of the list
     * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
     *         is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
     *         this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        if (a.length < size)
            a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
        int i = 0;
        Object[] result = a;
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
            result[i++] = x.item;

        if (a.length > size)
            a[size] = null;

        return a;
    }

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 876323262645176354L;

    /**
     * Saves the state of this {@code LinkedList} instance to a stream(that is, serializes it).
     * @serialData The size of the list (the number of elements it
     *             contains) is emitted (int), followed by all of its
     *             elements (each an Object) in the proper order.
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException {
        // Write out any hidden serialization magic
        s.defaultWriteObject();

        // Write out size
        s.writeInt(size);

        // Write out all elements in the proper order.
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
            s.writeObject(x.item);
    }

    /**
     * Reconstitutes this {@code LinkedList} instance from a stream (that is, deserializes it).
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        // Read in any hidden serialization magic
        s.defaultReadObject();

        // Read in size
        int size = s.readInt();

        // Read in all elements in the proper order.
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            linkLast((E)s.readObject());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a <em><a href="Spliterator.html#binding">late-binding</a></em> and <em>fail-fast</em> {@link Spliterator} over the elements in this list.
     * @return a {@code Spliterator} over the elements in this list
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Override
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return new LLSpliterator<E>(this, -1, 0);
    }
}

总结：

1. LinkedList是基于双向链表实现的，不论是增删改查方法还是队列和栈的实现，都可通过操作结点实现
2. LinkedList无需提前指定容量，因为基于链表操作，集合的容量随着元素的加入自动增加
3. LinkedList删除元素后集合占用的内存自动缩小，无需像ArrayList一样调用trimToSize()方法
4. LinkedList的所有方法没有进行同步，因此它也不是线程安全的，应该避免在多线程环境下使用
5. LinkedList不支持随机访问，查询和修改元素效率比ArrayList慢，时间复杂度为O(n)
6. LinkedList添加、删除元素时只需要遍历链表找到要操作的位置进行添加或者删除操作，而不需要进行节点的移动。ArrayList在进行添加、删除操作时要进行元素的移动，因此效率没有LinkedList高