Linux RPM 软件包管理
RPM的介绍（RPM Package Manager）
- 使用源代码构造的方便分发转移的软件包
- 安装，升级和卸载打包软件
- 不论是否安装，都可以查询到打包的软件的具体信息
- 验证打包软件的完整性，和最终安装软件
- 优点：比源码安装方便简单很多，不需要自己编译，相关信息记录在数据库中，不管是否安装都可以查到。
- 缺点：需要自行解决软件包依赖关系，卸载时要注意不要将依赖的软件也卸载，可能会引起其他软件出现问题。
packagename -- 包的名字
a.b.c -- 软件的版本号
x -- 软件发布号码
devel -- 软件的开发包(特殊)
arch -- 软件打包的服务器的硬件平台
noarch -- 包可以在任何硬件平台上安装（特殊）
查询和检验包
#查询包的信息
rpm {-q|--query} [select-options] [query-options]
#验证包的信息 rpm {-V|--verify} [select-options] [verify-options]
PACKAGE_NAME 包名 -a, --all 所有的包 -f, --file FILE 查询文件对应得包名 -g, --group GROUP 查询group的包
#-q PACKAGE_NAME [root@node1 ~]# rpm -q mysql-community-server mysql-community-server-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64 #-qa [root@node1 ~]# rpm -qa |head -5 doxygen-1.8.5-4.el7.x86_64 hicolor-icon-theme-0.12-7.el7.noarch setup-2.8.71-11.el7.noarch libsysfs-2.1.0-16.el7.x86_64 xmlsec1-openssl-1.2.20-7.el7_4.x86_64 #-qf [root@node1 ~]# rpm -qf /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc rpm-4.11.3-45.el7.x86_64
[root@node1 ~]# rpm -qg Applications/Databases
sqlite-3.7.17-8.el7_7.1.x86_64
libdb-utils-5.3.21-25.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-common-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-client-plugins-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-client-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-icu-data-files-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-server-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-compat-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
--changelog 包修改日志 -c, --configfiles 包的配置文件 -i, --info 包的信息，包括名字，版本，介绍。 -l, --list 包的文件 -R, --requires 包的依赖性 --scripts 安装包的脚本 -s, --state 包的文件的状态
#--changelog [root@node1 ~]# rpm -q --changelog zlib * Tue Apr 12 2022 Matej Mužila <mmuzila@redhat.com> - 1.2.7-20 - Resolves: CVE-2018-25032 * Wed Sep 09 2020 Ondrej Dubaj <odubaj@redhat.com> - 1.2.7-19 - fixed accessing password-protected .zip files via libminizip (#1875700) * Mon Jul 09 2018 Pavel Raiskup <praiskup@redhat.com> - 1.2.7-18 - Link with -z now for full RELRO * Thu May 19 2016 jchaloup <jchaloup@redhat.com> - 1.2.7-17 - Fix writing empty files on gzopen()/gzclose() resolves: #1337441 # -qc --configfiles [root@node1 ~]# rpm -qc rpm /var/lib/rpm/Basenames /var/lib/rpm/Conflictname /var/lib/rpm/Dirnames /var/lib/rpm/Group /var/lib/rpm/Installtid /var/lib/rpm/Name # -qi rpm [root@node1 ~]# rpm -qi rpm Name : rpm Version : 4.11.3 Release : 45.el7 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: Thu 23 Jun 2022 06:15:16 PM EDT Group : System Environment/Base Size : 2622621 License : GPLv2+ Signature : RSA/SHA256, Wed 14 Oct 2020 03:00:03 PM EDT, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : rpm-4.11.3-45.el7.src.rpm Build Date : Wed 30 Sep 2020 01:30:03 PM EDT Build Host : x86-02.bsys.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : http://www.rpm.org/ Summary : The RPM package management system Description : The RPM Package Manager (RPM) is a powerful command line driven package management system capable of installing, uninstalling, verifying, querying, and updating software packages. Each software package consists of an archive of files along with information about the package like its version, a description, etc. # -ql [root@node1 ~]# rpm -ql zlib /usr/lib64/libz.so.1 /usr/lib64/libz.so.1.2.7 /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7 /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/ChangeLog /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/FAQ /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/README #-qR [root@node1 ~]# rpm -qR zlib /sbin/ldconfig /sbin/ldconfig libc.so.6()(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3.4)(64bit) libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4)(64bit) rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 rtld(GNU_HASH) rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1 #-q --scripts [root@node1 ~]# rpm -q --scripts zlib postinstall program: /sbin/ldconfig postuninstall program: /sbin/ldconfig [root@node1 ~]# #-qs 状态 [root@node1 ~]# rpm -qs zlib normal /usr/lib64/libz.so.1 normal /usr/lib64/libz.so.1.2.7 normal /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7 normal /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/ChangeLog normal /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/FAQ normal /usr/share/doc/zlib-1.2.7/README
#验证包的信息
rpm {-V|--verify} [select-options] [verify-options]
PACKAGE_NAME 包名 -a, --all 所有的包 -f, --file FILE 查询文件对应得包名 -g, --group GROUP 查询group的包
实验如下：
#-Va校验所有的包。时间较长 [root@node1 ~]# rpm -Va [root@node1 ~]# #-Vf 文件名 检查包的配置文件是否被修改 [root@node1 ssh]# rpm -Vf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf S.5....T. c /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf [root@node1 ~]# rpm -V httpd S.5....T. c /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
校验内容含义
The format of the output is a string of 9 characters, a possible attribute marker:
c %config configuration file. #配置文件
d %doc documentation file. #手册文件
g %ghost file (i.e. the file contents are not included in the package payload). #ghost文件
l %license license file. #证书文件
r %readme readme file. #ReadMe文件
from the package header, followed by the file name. Each of the 9 characters denotes the result of a comparison of attribute(s) of the file to the value of those attribute(s) recorded in the
database. A single "." (period) means the test passed, while a single "?" (question mark) indicates the test could not be performed (e.g. file permissions prevent reading). Otherwise, the
(mnemonically emBoldened) character denotes failure of the corresponding --verify test:
S file Size differs #文件大小
M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type) #权限和文件类型
5 digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs #校验码
D Device major/minor number mismatch
L readLink(2) path mismatch
U User ownership differs #文件owner
G Group ownership differs #文件组
T mTime differs #文件修改时间
P caPabilities differ
[root@node1 ssh]# rpm -Vf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf S.5....T. c /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
表示 文件大小被改变，文件校验码已变，文件mTime被改变，当前校验被修改的文件是配置文件 c必须是 c/d/g/l/r/"空格"中的一种
配置文件大多时候是我们自己改的。如果可执行文件被修改了，这时候要小心。例如下面的/usr/sbin/apachectl文件已经被修改了。
[root@node1 ~]# rpm -V httpd
S.5....T. c /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
S.5....T. /usr/sbin/apachectl
INSTALLING, UPGRADING, AND REMOVING PACKAGES: rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ... rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ... rpm {-F|--freshen} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ... rpm {-e|--erase} [--allmatches] [--justdb] [--nodeps] [--noscripts] [--notriggers] [--test] PACKAGE_NAME ...
安装软件包：
[install-options]选项说明：
-h, --hash 打印hash信息 -v verbose详细输出 --test 实际安装文件只是预执行，查看有误软件冲突 --nodeps 安装之前不做依赖性检查
实验如下
--test测试命令
[root@node1 Packages]# rpm -iv --test qt3-3.3.8b-51.el7.x86_64.rpm
error: Failed dependencies:
libmng.so.1()(64bit) is needed by qt3-3.3.8b-51.el7.x86_64
--ivh 安装命令
[root@node1 Packages]# rpm -ivh rsyslog-mysql-8.24.0-55.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:rsyslog-mysql-8.24.0-55.el7 ################################# [100%]
卸载rpm包
[root@node1 ~]# rpm -qa |grep syslog rsyslog-mysql-8.24.0-55.el7.x86_64 rpmrsyslog-8.24.0-55.el7.x86_64 [root@node1 ~]# rpm -e rsyslog-mysql-8.24.0-55.el7.x86_64 [root@node1 ~]# rpm -qa |grep syslog rsyslog-8.24.0-55.el7.x86_64
