编程语言的发展脉络图
做了两件事情：第一件是从Wikipedia网站上搜集各种编程语言的资料，第二件是把编程语言之间相互影响的关系用图的形式画出来，从而得到了一张编程语言的发展脉络图。
这两件事情主要是编写Ruby程序来实现的，在Wikipedia页面的右上角有一个表格，从中提取Appeared in，Influenced by，Influenced等字段，根据这种关联关系遍历，采集到292种语言，用JSON格式保存到文件中，然后把几个出现年份描述不精确的语言用人工查证的方式进行补充。
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6","Python","Qi","Scala","Swift","Timber","Visual Basic 9.0"],"http://haskell.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)"],["Ruby","1995",["Ada","C++","CLU","Dylan","Eiffel","Lua","Lisp","Perl","Python","Smalltalk"],["Clojure","D","Elixir","Falcon","Fancy","Groovy","Ioke","Julia","Mirah","Nu","potion","Reia","Swift"],"http://www.ruby-lang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"],["Python","1991",["ABC","ALGOL 68","C","C++","Dylan","Haskell","Icon","Java","Lisp","Modula-3","Perl"],["Boo","Cobra","D","F#","Falcon","Go","Groovy","JavaScript","Julia","Ruby","Swift"],"https://www.python.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"],["C#","2000",["C++","Eiffel","Java","Modula-3","Object Pascal","ML","Icon","Haskell","Cω","F#"],["D","Dart","F#","Java","Kotlin","Monkey","Nemerle","Swift","Vala"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"],["CLU","1974",["ALGOL 60","Lisp","Simula"],["Ada","Argus","Lua","Ruby","Sather","Swift"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)"],["Java","1995",["Ada 83","C++","C#","Eiffel","Generic Java","Mesa","Modula-3","Oberon","Objective-C","UCSD Pascal","Smalltalk"],["Ada 2005","BeanShell","C#","Clojure","D","ECMAScript","Groovy","J#","JavaScript","Kotlin","PHP","Python","Scala","Seed7","Vala"],"http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"],["Nu","2007",["Lisp","Objective-C","Ruby"],null,"http://programming.nu","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(programming_language)"],["Objective-J","2008",["Objective-C","JavaScript"],null,"http://cappuccino.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-J"],["Swift","2014",["Objective-C","Rust","Haskell","Ruby","Python","C#","CLU"],null,"http://developer.apple.com/swift","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(Apple_programming_language)"],["C","1972",["B","BCPL","CPL","ALGOL 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ML"],["F#","Scala","ATS","Opa","Rust"],"http://ocaml.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaml"],["Racket","1994",["Scheme","Eiffel"],["Scheme","Rust","Clojure"],"http://racket-lang.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)"],["Sather","1990",["Eiffel","CLU","Common Lisp","Scheme"],["Cool","Rust"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sather"],["Scheme","1975",["Lisp","ALGOL","MDL"],["Clojure","Common Lisp","Dylan","EuLisp","Haskell","Hop","JavaScript","Julia","Lua","R","S","Racket","Ruby"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)"],["Standard ML",null,["ML","Hope"],["OCaml","Rust"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML"],["Agda","2007",["Coq","Epigram","Haskell"],["Idris"],"http://wiki.portal.chalmers.se/agda/pmwiki.php","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agda_(theorem_prover)"],["Language Integrated Query",null,["SQL","Haskell"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query"],["CAL","2004",["Haskell","Clean","Java"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAL_(Quark_Framework)"],["Clean","1987",["Lean","Miranda","Haskell"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)"],["Clojure","2007",["Common Lisp","Erlang","Haskell","ML","Prolog","Scheme","Java","Ruby"],["Elixir"],"http://clojure.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clojure"],["CoffeeScript","2009",["Haskell","JavaScript","Perl","Python","Ruby","YAML"],["MoonScript","LiveScript"],"http://coffeescript.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoffeeScript"],["Curry",null,["Haskell"],null,"http://curry-language.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)"],["Elm","2011",["Haskell","Standard 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5","Ruby","Smalltalk"],null,"http://perl6.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_6"],["Scala","2003",["Eiffel","Erlang","Haskell","Java","Lisp","Pizza","Standard ML","OCaml","Scheme","Smalltalk","Oz"],["Fantom","Ceylon","Lasso","Kotlin","Swift"],"http://www.scala-lang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)"],["Visual Basic .NET","2001",null,null,"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/hh388573","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET"],["FP","1977",["APL"],["FL","FPr","J"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FP_(programming_language)"],["ISWIM","1966",["ALGOL 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programming language","2001",["C","C++","C#","Eiffel","Java","Python","Ruby"],["MiniD","DScript","Vala","Qore"],"http://dlang.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(programming_language)"],["Elixir","2012",["Erlang","Ruby","Clojure"],null,"http://www.elixir-lang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)"],["Falcon","2003",["C++","Perl","Lua","Smalltalk","PHP","Lisp","Python","Ruby"],null,"http://www.falconpl.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_(programming_language)"],["Fancy","2010",["Smalltalk","Ruby","Erlang","Io"],null,"http://www.fancy-lang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_(programming_language)"],["Groovy","2003",["Java","Python","Ruby","Perl","Smalltalk","Objective-C"],["Kotlin"],"http://groovy.codehaus.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)"],["Ioke",null,["Io","Smalltalk","Lisp","Ruby"],null,"http://ioke.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioke_(programming_language)"],["Julia","2012",["MATLAB","Scheme","Lisp","C","Fortran","Wolfram 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2012","C#","D","Java","Lisaac","Racket","Ruby","Sather","Scala"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)"],["Lua","1993",["C++","CLU","Modula","Scheme","SNOBOL"],["Io","GameMonkey","Squirrel","Falcon","MiniD","Julia"],"http://www.lua.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)"],["Perl","1987",["AWK","Smalltalk 80","Lisp","C","C++","sed","Unix shell","Pascal"],["Python","PHP","Ruby","ECMAScript","LPC","Windows PowerShell","JavaScript","Falcon","Perl 6","Qore","Julia"],"http://www.perl.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"],["Boo","2003",["Python","C#"],null,"http://boo.codehaus.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)"],["Cobra","2006",["Python","Eiffel","C#","Objective-C"],null,"http://cobra-language.com/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)"],["Go","2009",["C","occam","Limbo","Modula","Newsqueak","Oberon","Pascal","Python"],null,"https://golang.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)"],["JavaScript","1995",["Scheme","Self","Java","C","Python"],["ActionScript","CoffeeScript","Dart","JScript .NET","Objective-J","QML","TypeScript","Node.js","LiveScript"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"],["ABC",null,["SETL","ALGOL 68"],["Python"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)"],["ALGOL 68","1968",["ALGOL 60","ALGOL Y"],["Mary","S3"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_68"],["Icon","1977",["SNOBOL","ALGOL"],["Unicon","Python"],"http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)"],["Modula-3","1988",["Modula-2+","Modula-2","Pascal","ALGOL","Oberon"],["Java","Python","Caml","C#"],"http://www.modula3.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-3"],["Dart","2011",["JavaScript","Smalltalk","Erlang","Strongtalk","C#"],null,"https://www.dartlang.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)"],["Kotlin",null,["Java","Scala","Groovy","C#","Gosu"],null,"http://kotlinlang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)"],["Monkey 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Numbers","Java","OpenGL","PostScript","C"],null,"http://www.processing.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_(programming_language)"],["Verilog","1984",null,["SystemVerilog"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog"],["B","1969",["BCPL","PL/I"],["C"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_(programming_language)"],["BCPL","1966",["CPL"],["B","C"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL"],["CPL","1963",["ALGOL 60"],["BCPL","POP-2"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPL_(programming_language)"],["PL/I","1964",["COBOL","Fortran","ALGOL"],["SP/k","B","REXX","AS/400 Control Language"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I"],["Fortran","1957",["Speedcoding"],["ALGOL 58","BASIC","C","PL/I","PACT I","MUMPS","Ratfor"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN"],["Self","1987",["Smalltalk"],["NewtonScript","JavaScript","Io","Cel","Agora","Squeak","Lisaac","Lua","Factor","REBOL"],"http://selflanguage.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_(programming_language)"],["Object 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Io","Fancy","Luna"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(programming_language)"],["Logo","1967",["Lisp"],["Smalltalk","Etoys","Scratch","NetLogo","KTurtle","REBOL","Boxer"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)"],["Sketchpad",null,null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchpad"],["EuLisp","1990",["Common Lisp","InterLisp","LeLisp","Scheme","T","CLOS","ObjVlisp","Oaklisp","Dylan"],["Dylan","ISLISP"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuLisp"],["R","1993",["S","Scheme","XLispStat"],null,"http://www.r-project.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)"],["SKILL","1990",["Scheme","Common Lisp","CLOS"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_SKILL"],["Opa","2011",["OCaml","Erlang","JavaScript"],null,"http://opalang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)"],["Prolog","1972",["PLANNER"],["Visual 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PowerShell","JPQL","jOOQ"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/SQL"],["VHDL","1987",["Ada","Pascal"],null,"http://www.eda.org/twiki/bin/view.cgi/P1076/WebHome","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL"],["Goo","2003",["Scheme","Dylan"],null,"http://people.csail.mit.edu/jrb/goo/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goo_(programming_language)"],["Squirrel","2003",["Lua","Python","C++","JavaScript"],["MiniD"],"http://squirrel-lang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_(programming_language)"],["Modula-2","1978",["Modula","Mesa","Pascal","Algol-W"],["Modula-3","Oberon","Ada","Fortran 90","Lua","Seed7","Zonnon"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2"],["SNOBOL","1962",null,["Icon","Lua"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOBOL"],["Windows PowerShell",null,null,null,"http://www.microsoft.com/powershell","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell"],["AWK","1977",["C","SNOBOL","Bourne shell"],["Tcl","AMPL","Perl","Korn Shell","Lua"],"http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/awkbook","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK_(programming_language)"],["smalltalk","1972",["Lisp","Simula","Logo","Sketchpad"],["Objective-C","Self","Object REXX","Java","PHP","Logtalk","Dylan","AppleScript","Lisaac","NewtonScript","Lasso","Python","Ruby","Groovy","Scala","Perl 6","Common Lisp Object System","Falcon","Io","Ioke","Fancy","Dart"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk_80"],["Sed","1974",["ed"],["Chomski","Perl","AWK"],"//www.gnu.org/software/sed/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed"],["occam","1983",["Communicating Sequential Processes"],["Ease"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)"],["Modula","1975",["Pascal"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula"],["ActionScript","1998",["JavaScript","Java"],null,"http://livedocs.adobe.com/specs/actionscript/3/wwhelp/wwhimpl/js/html/wwhelp.htm","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionScript"],["JScript 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calculus"],["Cω"],"http://research.microsoft.com/~nick/polyphony/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonic_C_sharp"],["HyperTalk","1987",null,["LiveCode","ECMAScript"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTalk"],["Hack","2014",["PHP","Java","C#"],null,"http://hacklang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_(programming_language)"],["Oberon-2","1991",["Oberon","Modula-2","Pascal"],["Component Pascal"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon-2"],["KornShell",null,null,null,"http://www.kornshell.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_Shell"],["Bourne shell",null,null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell"],["Design By Numbers","1999",null,null,"http://dbn.media.mit.edu/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_By_Numbers_(programming_language)"],["OpenGL",null,null,null,"http://www.opengl.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL"],["PostScript","1982",["Interpress","Lisp"],["PDF"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"],["SystemVerilog","2002",["Verilog","Vera"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemVerilog"],["SP/k","1974",["PL/I"],["Turing"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP/k"],["Rexx","1979",["PL/I","Algol","EXEC 2"],["NetRexx","Object REXX"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REXX"],["AS/400 Control Language",null,["Job Control Language","PL/I"],["Windows PowerShell"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS/400_Control_Language"],["COBOL","1959",["FLOW-MATIC","COMTRAN","AIMACO","FACT"],["PL/I","ABAP"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL"],["ALGOL 58","1958",null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_58"],["BASIC","1964",["ALGOL 60","FORTRAN II","JOSS"],["COMAL","Visual Basic","Visual Basic .NET","Realbasic","GRASS","AutoIt","AutoHotkey"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"],["MUMPS","1966",["JOSS"],["PSL","Caché ObjectScript"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUMPS"],["Ratfor","1976",["Fortran","C"],null,"http://sepwww.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=sep:software:ratfor","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratfor"],["Speedcoding","1953",["Assembly language","Machine code"],["Fortran","ALGOL 58","BASIC","C","PL/I","PACT I","MUMPS","Ratfor"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedcoding"],["Cel","1998",["Smalltalk","Self","Forth","NewtonScript","Objective-C","Python"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_(programming_language)"],["Squeak",null,null,null,"http://www.squeak.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeak"],["Factor","2003",["Joy","Forth","Lisp","Self"],["Cat","Concat"],"http://factorcode.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_(programming_language)"],["NetRexx","1996",["PL/I","REXX","ooREXX","Java"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetRexx"],["HyperCard",null,null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard"],["Io","2002",["Smalltalk","NewtonScript","Self","Lua","Lisp","Python","Act1"],["Ioke","Restricted Io","Fancy","Luna"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_programming_language"],["Dylan","1992",["CLOS","ALGOL","Scheme","EuLisp"],["Goo","Lasso","Python","Ruby","Julia"],"http://opendylan.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_programming_language"],["smalltalk","1972",["Lisp","Simula","Logo","Sketchpad"],["Objective-C","Self","Object REXX","Java","PHP","Logtalk","Dylan","AppleScript","Lisaac","NewtonScript","Lasso","Python","Ruby","Groovy","Scala","Perl 6","Common Lisp Object System","Falcon","Io","Ioke","Fancy","Dart"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmallTalk"],["Etoys","1996",["Logo","Smalltalk","HyperCard","StarLogo","AgentSheets"],["Croquet","Scratch"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoys_(programming_language)"],["Scratch","2006",["Logo","Smalltalk","HyperCard","StarLogo","AgentSheets","Etoys"],null,"http://scratch.mit.edu","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)"],["NetLogo","1999",["StarLogo","Logo"],null,"http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetLogo"],["KTurtle",null,null,null,"http://edu.kde.org/kturtle","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTurtle"],["Le Lisp",null,null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeLisp"],["T","1982",["Scheme"],["EuLisp","Joule"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_(programming_language)"],["Oaklisp","1986",["Scheme","T","Smalltalk"],["EuLisp","Java","Dylan"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaklisp"],["Visual Prolog",null,null,null,"http://www.visual-prolog.com/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Prolog"],["Planner","1969",null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLANNER"],["Component Pascal","1997",["Oberon-2"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Pascal"],["Oberon-2","1991",["Oberon","Modula-2","Pascal"],["Component Pascal"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon-2_(programming_language)"],["Oxygene",null,["Object Pascal","C#"],null,"http://www.remobjects.com/oxygene","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)"],["ALGOL W","1966",["ALGOL 60"],["Pascal"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_W"],["Agda","2007",["Coq","Epigram","Haskell"],["Idris"],"http://wiki.portal.chalmers.se/agda/pmwiki.php","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)"],["Java Persistence Query Language",null,["SQL"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Persistence_Query_Language"],["jOOQ",null,null,null,"http://www.jooq.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Object_Oriented_Querying"],["Scala","2003",["Eiffel","Erlang","Haskell","Java","Lisp","Pizza","Standard ML","OCaml","Scheme","Smalltalk","Oz"],["Fantom","Ceylon","Lasso","Kotlin","Swift"],"http://www.scala-lang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_programming_language"],["Alice","2000",["ML","Oz"],null,"http://www.ps.uni-saarland.de/alice/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(programming_language)"],["NumPy",null,null,null,"http://www.numpy.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NumPy"],["SuperCollider",null,null,null,"http://supercollider.github.io/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperCollider"],["K","1993",["A+","APL","Scheme"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_(programming_language)"],["Nial","1981",["APL","Lisp"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nial"],["Q","2003",["A+","APL","Scheme","K"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)"],["Pure Data",null,null,null,"http://puredata.info","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PureData"],["CPL","1963",["ALGOL 60"],["BCPL","POP-2"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Programming_Language"],["RPL","1984",["Forth","infix notation"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPL_(programming_language)"],["JSON",null,null,null,"http://json.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON"],["Red","2011",["Rebol","Scala","Lua"],null,"http://www.red-lang.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(programming_language)"],["Tea","1997",["Tcl","Java","Scheme"],null,"http://www.pdmfc.com/tea","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_(programming_language)"],["APL","1964",["mathematical notation"],["J","K","Mathematica","MATLAB","Nial","PPL","Q"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_programming_language"],["Fortran","1957",["Speedcoding"],["ALGOL 58","BASIC","C","PL/I","PACT I","MUMPS","Ratfor"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran_(programming_language)"],["Mesa","1978",["ALGOL"],["Java","Modula-2"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_programming_language"],["ALGOL W","1966",["ALGOL 60"],["Pascal"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol-W"],["pp, chomski virtual machine","2007",["Sed","Awk"],null,"http://bumble.sourceforge.net/machine/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomski"],["JScript","1996",null,null,"http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/hbxc2t98.aspx","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JScript"],["Qt",null,null,null,"https://qt-project.org","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(framework)"],["Icon","1977",["SNOBOL","ALGOL"],["Unicon","Python"],"http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_programming_language"],["LiveCode","1993",["HyperTalk"],null,"http://www.runrev.com/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveCode"],["Portable Document Format",null,null,null,"http://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive.html","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_File"],["Turing","1982",["Euclid","Pascal","SP/k"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_(programming_language)"],["ALGOL","1958",null,["Simula","C","CPL","Pascal","Ada"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol"],["ABAP/4","1983",["Objective-C","COBOL","SQL"],null,"http://scn.sap.com/community/abap","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAP"],["FLOW-MATIC","1955",null,["COBOL"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOW-MATIC"],["COMTRAN","1957",["FLOW-MATIC"],["COBOL"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMTRAN"],["FACT","1959",null,["COBOL"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FACT_computer_language"],["COMAL","1973",["BASIC","Pascal"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMAL"],["Visual Basic","1991",["BASIC"],["Visual Basic .NET","Gambas","Xojo","Basic4ppc"],"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/ms788229.aspx","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic"],["Xojo",null,null,null,"http://xojo.com","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realbasic"],["AutoIt",null,null,null,"http://www.autoitscript.com/autoit3/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoIt"],["AutoHotkey",null,null,null,"http://ahkscript.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoHotkey"],["JOSS","1966",["ALGOL 58"],["BASIC","TELCOMP","CAL (Joss family)","FOCAL","MUMPS"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOSS"],["Caché ObjectScript","1997",["MUMPS"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cach%C3%A9_ObjectScript"],["Joy","2001",["Scheme","FP","C"],["Factor","Cat","V","Trith"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(programming_language)"],["Croquet Project",null,null,null,"https://web.archive.org/web/20130623112311/http://opencroquet.org/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet_Project"],["StarLogo",null,["Logo"],["NetLogo","Etoys"],"http://education.mit.edu/starlogo/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarLogo"],["AgentSheets","1991",["Lisp","Logo","Smalltalk"],["Etoys","Scratch"],"http://www.agentsheets.com","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgentSheets"],["Joule","1996",["Concurrent Logic Programming","Actors"],["E"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_(programming_language)"],["T","1982",["Scheme"],["EuLisp","Joule"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_programming_language"],["A+","1988",["APL"],["K"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)"],["AWK","1977",["C","SNOBOL","Bourne shell"],["Tcl","AMPL","Perl","Korn Shell","Lua"],"http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/awkbook","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk"],["Euclid","1977",["Pascal"],["Mesa","Concurrent Euclid","Turing"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_(programming_language)"],["Gambas","1999",["Visual Basic","Java"],null,"http://gambas.sourceforge.net/","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambas"],["Xojo",null,null,null,"http://xojo.com","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xojo"],["Basic4ppc","2005",["Visual Basic"],null,"http://www.basic4ppc.com","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic4ppc"],["TELCOMP","1965",["JOSS"],["MUMPS"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TELCOMP"],["Concurrent Euclid (ConEuc)","1980",["Euclid","Communicating Sequential Processes"],["Turing Plus"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Euclid_(programming_language)"],["Turing+","1987",["Concurrent Euclid","Turing"],["Object-Oriented Turing"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Plus"],["Object-Oriented Turing","1991",["Turing"],null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-Oriented_Turing"],["Concurrent Euclid (ConEuc)","1980",["Euclid","Communicating Sequential Processes"],["Turing Plus"],null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Euclid"]]
接下来用另一个程序读取json数据，采集过程是根据URL来判断的，有些URL是指向同一个页面的，剔除重复项，对数据进行优化后得到196种语言，然后把编程语言作为结点，影响关系作为边，用图描述出来，生成Graphviz的dot文件。
digraph languages { { node [shape=plaintext, fontsize=16]; 1953->1955->1956->1957->1958->1959->1960->1962->1963->1964->1965->1966->1967->1968->1969->1970->1972->1973->1974->1975->1976->1977->1978->1979->1980->1981->1982->1983->1984->1985->1986->1987->1988->1989->1990->1991->1992->1993->1994->1995->1996->1997->1998->1999->2000->2001->2002->2003->2004->2005->2006->2007->2008->2009->2010->2011->2012->2014 } {rank = same;1953;"Speedcoding";} {rank = same;1955;"FLOW-MATIC";} {rank = same;1956;"Information Processing Language (IPL)";} {rank = same;1957;"Fortran";"COMTRAN";} {rank = same;1958;"Lisp";"ALGOL 58";} {rank = same;1959;"COBOL";"FACT";} {rank = same;1960;"ALGOL 60";} {rank = same;1962;"SNOBOL";} {rank = same;1963;"CPL";} {rank = same;1964;"PL/I";"APL";"COWSEL";"BASIC";} {rank = same;1965;"TELCOMP";} {rank = same;1966;"ISWIM";"BCPL";"MUMPS";"ALGOL W";"JOSS";} {rank = same;1967;"Simula";"Logo";} {rank = same;1968;"ALGOL 68";} {rank = same;1969;"B";} {rank = same;1970;"Pascal";} {rank = same;1972;"C";"smalltalk";"SASL";"Prolog";} {rank = same;1973;"ML";"Forth";"COMAL";} {rank = same;1974;"CLU";"SQL";"Sed";"Mary";"SP/k";} {rank = same;1975;"Scheme";"Modula";} {rank = same;1976;"S";"Lucid";"Ratfor";} {rank = same;1977;"FP";"Icon";"AWK";"Euclid";} {rank = same;1978;"Mesa";"Modula-2";} {rank = same;1979;"Rexx";} {rank = same;1980;"Ada";"Concurrent Euclid (ConEuc)";} {rank = same;1981;"KRC";"Nial";} {rank = same;1982;"PostScript";"T";"Turing";} {rank = same;1983;"Objective-C";"C++";"SISAL";"occam";"ABAP/4";} {rank = same;1984;"Common Lisp";"Orwell";"Verilog";"Modula-2+";"RPL";} {rank = same;1985;"Miranda";"AMPL";"Caml";"CLIPS";} {rank = same;1986;"Erlang";"Eiffel";"Object Pascal";"Oberon";"Oaklisp";} {rank = same;1987;"Clean";"Perl";"Self";"VHDL";"HyperTalk";"Turing+";} {rank = same;1988;"Modula-3";"Object REXX";"Tcl";"A+";} {rank = same;1989;"FL";} {rank = same;1990;"Haskell";"Sather";"EuLisp";"SKILL";"J";} {rank = same;1991;"Python";"Oz";"Oberon-2";"Visual Basic";"AgentSheets";"Object-Oriented Turing";} {rank = same;1992;"Alef";"Dylan";} {rank = same;1993;"Lua";"AppleScript";"NewtonScript";"R";"K";"LiveCode";} {rank = same;1994;"Racket";"Pike";"SAC";} {rank = same;1995;"Ruby";"Java";"Limbo";"Escher";"Mercury";"JavaScript";"PHP";"Lasso";} {rank = same;1996;"OCaml";"COOL";"NetRexx";"Etoys";"Joule";} {rank = same;1997;"ECMAScript";"C--";"Rebol";"Component Pascal";"Tea";"Caché ObjectScript";} {rank = same;1998;"Logtalk";"ActionScript";"Cel";} {rank = same;1999;"Design By Numbers";"NetLogo";"Gambas";} {rank = same;2000;"C#";"Perl 6";"BeanShell";"Alice";} {rank = same;2001;"Visual Basic .NET";"D programming language";"Processing";"Joy";} {rank = same;2002;"Visual J#";"Io";"Polyphonic C#";"SystemVerilog";} {rank = same;2003;"Scala";"Falcon";"Groovy";"Boo";"Nemerle";"Cω";"Lisaac";"Goo";"Squirrel";"Factor";"Q";} {rank = same;2004;"CAL";"Epigram";} {rank = same;2005;"F#";"Seed7";"Fantom";"Basic4ppc";} {rank = same;2006;"Cyclone";"Cobra";"Vala";"Hop";"MiniD";"Scratch";} {rank = same;2007;"Nu";"Agda";"Clojure";"potion";"pp, chomski virtual machine";} {rank = same;2008;"Objective-J";"Mirah";"Reia";} {rank = same;2009;"CoffeeScript";"Go";"QML";} {rank = same;2010;"Fancy";} {rank = same;2011;"Elm";"Frege";"LiveScript";"Dart";"Monkey X";"Opa";"Ceylon";"Red";} {rank = same;2012;"Rust";"Elixir";"Julia";"TypeScript";} {rank = same;2014;"Swift";"Hack";} "Speedcoding"->{"Fortran" "ALGOL 58" "BASIC" "C" "PL/I" "MUMPS" "Ratfor"} "FLOW-MATIC"->{"COBOL" "COMTRAN"} "Information Processing Language (IPL)"->{"Lisp"} "Fortran"->{"ALGOL 58" "BASIC" "C" "PL/I" "MUMPS" "Ratfor" "SISAL" "Julia" "S"} "COMTRAN"->{"COBOL"} "Lisp"->{"CLIPS" "CLU" "COWSEL" "Dylan" "Falcon" "Forth" "Haskell" "Io" "JavaScript" "Julia" "Logo" "Lua" "ML" "Nu" "Perl" "Python" "R" "Rebol" "Racket" "Ruby" "Tcl" "smalltalk" "Common Lisp" "Scheme" "Scala" "ISWIM" "Nemerle" "Oz" "PostScript" "Factor" "Nial" "AgentSheets"} "ALGOL 58"->{"ALGOL 60" "JOSS"} "COBOL"->{"PL/I" "ABAP/4"} "FACT"->{"COBOL"} "ALGOL 60"->{"Simula" "CPL" "Pascal" "Ada" "C" "CLU" "ISWIM" "ALGOL 68" "PL/I" "BASIC" "ALGOL W"} "SNOBOL"->{"Icon" "Lua" "AWK"} "CPL"->{"BCPL" "C" "COWSEL"} "PL/I"->{"SP/k" "B" "C" "Rexx" "NetRexx"} "APL"->{"J" "K" "Nial" "Q" "FP" "S" "Forth" "SAC" "A+"} "BASIC"->{"COMAL" "Visual Basic" "Visual Basic .NET"} "TELCOMP"->{"MUMPS"} "ISWIM"->{"SASL" "Miranda" "ML" "Haskell" "Clean" "Lucid"} "BCPL"->{"B" "C"} "MUMPS"->{"Caché ObjectScript"} "ALGOL W"->{"Pascal"} "JOSS"->{"BASIC" "TELCOMP" "MUMPS"} "Simula"->{"CLU" "smalltalk" "C++" "Eiffel"} "Logo"->{"Etoys" "Scratch" "NetLogo" "smalltalk" "Rebol" "AgentSheets"} "ALGOL 68"->{"Mary" "Python" "C" "C++" "Scheme" "Ada" "Dylan" "Icon" "Modula-3" "Seed7" "Mesa" "Modula-2+"} "B"->{"C"} "Pascal"->{"Ada" "Component Pascal" "Java" "Modula" "Modula-2" "Modula-3" "Oberon" "Oberon-2" "Object Pascal" "Seed7" "Limbo" "SISAL" "Perl" "Go" "COOL" "VHDL" "Modula-2+" "Turing" "COMAL" "Euclid"} "C"->{"AMPL" "AWK" "C++" "C--" "C#" "Objective-C" "Go" "Rust" "Java" "JavaScript" "Limbo" "Perl" "PHP" "Pike" "Processing" "Python" "Seed7" "Verilog" "Alef" "Cyclone" "SISAL" "D programming language" "Julia" "potion" "Monkey X" "Vala" "ECMAScript" "S" "SAC" "Ratfor" "Joy"} "smalltalk"->{"Objective-C" "Self" "Object REXX" "Java" "PHP" "Logtalk" "Dylan" "AppleScript" "Lisaac" "NewtonScript" "Lasso" "Python" "Ruby" "Groovy" "Scala" "Perl 6" "Falcon" "Io" "Fancy" "Dart"} "SASL"->{"KRC" "Miranda" "Haskell"} "Prolog"->{"Mercury" "Oz" "Erlang" "Clojure" "Logtalk"} "ML"->{"Miranda" "Haskell" "Cyclone" "C++" "F#" "Clojure" "Opa" "Erlang" "Scala" "C#" "Nemerle" "Caml" "COOL" "Alice"} "Forth"->{"Factor" "PostScript" "RPL" "Rebol" "Cel"} "CLU"->{"Ada" "Lua" "Ruby" "Sather" "Swift" "C++"} "SQL"->{"ABAP/4"} "Sed"->{"Perl" "AWK" "pp, chomski virtual machine"} "SP/k"->{"Turing"} "Scheme"->{"Clojure" "Common Lisp" "Dylan" "EuLisp" "Haskell" "Hop" "JavaScript" "Julia" "Lua" "R" "S" "Racket" "Ruby" "Rust" "Sather" "Scala" "ECMAScript" "SKILL" "Goo" "T" "Oaklisp" "K" "Q" "Tea" "Joy"} "Modula"->{"Lua" "Go" "Modula-2"} "S"->{"R"} "Lucid"->{"SISAL"} "FP"->{"FL" "J" "Haskell" "Joy"} "Icon"->{"Python" "C#"} "AWK"->{"Tcl" "AMPL" "Perl" "Lua" "ECMAScript"} "Euclid"->{"Mesa" "Turing" "Concurrent Euclid (ConEuc)"} "Mesa"->{"Java" "Modula-2"} "Modula-2"->{"Modula-3" "Oberon" "Ada" "Lua" "Seed7" "Modula-2+" "Oberon-2"} "Rexx"->{"NetRexx" "Object REXX"} "Ada"->{"C++" "Eiffel" "VHDL" "Ruby" "Java" "Seed7"} "KRC"->{"Miranda" "Haskell"} "PostScript"->{"Processing"} "T"->{"EuLisp" "Joule" "Oaklisp"} "Turing"->{"Turing+" "Object-Oriented Turing"} "Objective-C"->{"Java" "Nu" "Objective-J" "Swift" "Groovy" "Cobra" "Logtalk" "Cel" "ABAP/4"} "C++"->{"Perl" "Lua" "Pike" "Java" "PHP" "C#" "Falcon" "Seed7" "Rust" "Ruby" "Python" "D programming language" "Ada" "Monkey X" "Vala" "Squirrel"} "SISAL"->{"SAC" "Haskell"} "occam"->{"Go"} "Common Lisp"->{"Clojure" "Dylan" "EuLisp" "Julia" "R" "SKILL" "Rust" "Sather"} "Orwell"->{"Haskell"} "Verilog"->{"SystemVerilog"} "Modula-2+"->{"Modula-3"} "Miranda"->{"Clean" "Haskell" "Orwell"} "Caml"->{"F#"} "Erlang"->{"F#" "Clojure" "Rust" "Scala" "Opa" "Reia" "Elixir" "Dart" "Fancy" "Fantom" "Oz"} "Eiffel"->{"C#" "Java" "Lisaac" "Racket" "Ruby" "Sather" "Scala" "D programming language" "Ada" "Cobra"} "Object Pascal"->{"C#" "Java"} "Oberon"->{"Oberon-2" "Go" "Java" "Modula-3"} "Oaklisp"->{"EuLisp" "Java" "Dylan"} "Clean"->{"Haskell" "CAL"} "Perl"->{"Python" "PHP" "Ruby" "ECMAScript" "JavaScript" "Falcon" "Perl 6" "Julia" "CoffeeScript" "Groovy"} "Self"->{"NewtonScript" "JavaScript" "Io" "Cel" "Lisaac" "Lua" "Factor" "ECMAScript" "Rebol"} "HyperTalk"->{"LiveCode" "ECMAScript"} "Turing+"->{"Object-Oriented Turing"} "Modula-3"->{"Java" "Python" "Caml" "C#"} "Object REXX"->{"NetRexx"} "Tcl"->{"Tea" "PHP"} "A+"->{"K" "Q"} "FL"->{"J"} "Haskell"->{"Agda" "C#" "CAL" "Clean" "Clojure" "CoffeeScript" "Elm" "Epigram" "Escher" "F#" "Frege" "Java" "LiveScript" "Mercury" "Perl 6" "Python" "Scala" "Swift" "Rust"} "Sather"->{"Rust" "COOL"} "EuLisp"->{"Dylan"} "Python"->{"Boo" "Cobra" "F#" "Falcon" "Go" "Groovy" "JavaScript" "Julia" "Ruby" "Swift" "Rust" "CoffeeScript" "D programming language" "Reia" "Vala" "ECMAScript" "Io" "MiniD" "Squirrel" "Cel"} "Oz"->{"Alice" "Scala"} "Oberon-2"->{"Component Pascal"} "Visual Basic"->{"Visual Basic .NET" "Gambas" "Basic4ppc"} "AgentSheets"->{"Etoys" "Scratch"} "Alef"->{"Limbo" "Rust" "Go"} "Dylan"->{"Goo" "Lasso" "Python" "Ruby" "Julia" "NewtonScript" "EuLisp"} "Lua"->{"Io" "Squirrel" "Falcon" "MiniD" "Julia" "Ruby" "potion" "Red"} "NewtonScript"->{"Io" "Cel"} "R"->{"Julia"} "K"->{"Q"} "Racket"->{"Scheme" "Rust" "Clojure"} "Ruby"->{"Clojure" "Elixir" "Falcon" "Fancy" "Groovy" "Julia" "Mirah" "Nu" "potion" "Reia" "Swift" "Rust" "CoffeeScript" "Perl 6" "D programming language" "Fantom"} "Java"->{"BeanShell" "C#" "Clojure" "ECMAScript" "Groovy" "JavaScript" "PHP" "Python" "Scala" "Seed7" "Vala" "CAL" "D programming language" "Mirah" "Ada" "Monkey X" "Visual J#" "Processing" "COOL" "Fantom" "Ceylon" "ActionScript" "TypeScript" "Hack" "NetRexx" "Tea" "Gambas"} "Limbo"->{"Go" "Rust"} "JavaScript"->{"ActionScript" "CoffeeScript" "Dart" "Objective-J" "QML" "TypeScript" "LiveScript" "Perl 6" "Monkey X" "Opa" "Squirrel"} "PHP"->{"Hack" "Falcon"} "OCaml"->{"F#" "Scala" "Opa" "Rust" "Elm"} "COOL"->{"OCaml"} "Etoys"->{"Scratch"} "ECMAScript"->{"MiniD"} "Rebol"->{"Red"} "Design By Numbers"->{"Processing"} "C#"->{"Dart" "F#" "Java" "Nemerle" "Swift" "Vala" "Rust" "D programming language" "Boo" "Cobra" "Monkey X" "Cω" "Fantom" "TypeScript" "Polyphonic C#" "Hack"} "D programming language"->{"MiniD" "Vala"} "Joy"->{"Factor"} "Io"->{"Fancy" "potion" "MiniD"} "Polyphonic C#"->{"Cω"} "Scala"->{"Fantom" "Ceylon" "Lasso" "Swift" "F#" "Red"} "Boo"->{"Mirah"} "Cω"->{"C#"} "Squirrel"->{"MiniD"} "Epigram"->{"Agda"} "F#"->{"LiveScript" "C#" "Elm"} "Cyclone"->{"Rust"} "Clojure"->{"Elixir"} "CoffeeScript"->{"LiveScript"} "Rust"->{"Swift"} }
最后用dot程序生成图片文件。
dot -Tsvg languages.gv -o languages.svg
