树一:定义及存储
树的定义:
- 树是一种非线性的数据结构。
- 树是由 n (n >= 0) 个结点组成的有序集合。
- 如果 n 为0,称为空树;
- 如果 n > 0, 则:
- 有一个结点称为根结点(root),它有直接后继,但没有直接前驱;
- 除根以外的其他结点划分为 m (m > 0)个互不相交的有限集合 T0, T1, ..., Tm-1,每个集合又是一棵树,并且称为根的子树(subtree)
基本概念:
1. 树的结点包含一个数据和若干个指向子树的分支
2. 结点拥有的子树称为结点的度
(1)度为0的结点称为叶结点
(2)度不为0的结点称为分支结点
3. 树的度定义为所有结点中的度的最大值
4. 结点的直接后继称为该结点的孩子,相应的,该结点称为孩子的双亲。
5. 结点的孩子的孩子......称为该结点的子孙,相应的该结点称为子孙的祖先。
6. 同一个双亲的孩子之间互称兄弟。
7. 结点的层次:
(1)根为第一层
(2)根的孩子为第二层
(3)......
8. 树中结点的最大层次称为树的深度或高度。
9. 如果树中的结点的各子树从左向右是有次序的,子树间不能互换位置,则该树为有序树,否则称为无序树。
10. 森林是由 n (n >= 0) 棵互不相交的树的集合。
树的存储结构:
/* main.c */ #include <stdio.h> #include "GTree.h" /* run this program using the console pauser or add your own getch, system("pause") or input loop */ void printf_data(GTreeData* data) { printf("%c", (int)data); } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { GTree* tree = GTree_Create(); int i = 0; GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'A', -1); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'B', 0); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'C', 0); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'D', 0); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'E', 1); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'F', 1); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'H', 3); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'I', 3); GTree_Insert(tree, (GTreeData*)'J', 3); printf("Tree Height: %d\n", GTree_Height(tree)); printf("Tree Degree: %d\n", GTree_Degree(tree)); printf("Full Tree:\n"); GTree_Display(tree, printf_data, 2, ' '); printf("Get Tree Data:\n"); for(i=0; i<GTree_Count(tree); i++) { printf_data(GTree_Get(tree, i)); printf("\n"); } printf("Get Root Data:\n"); printf_data(GTree_Root(tree)); printf("\n"); GTree_Delete(tree, 3); printf("After Deleting D:\n"); GTree_Display(tree, printf_data, 2, '-'); GTree_Clear(tree); printf("After Clearing Tree:\n"); GTree_Display(tree, printf_data, 2, '.'); GTree_Destroy(tree); return 0; }
/* LinkList.h */ #ifndef _LINKLIST_H_ #define _LINKLIST_H_ typedef void LinkList; typedef struct _tag_LinkListNode LinkListNode; struct _tag_LinkListNode { LinkListNode* next; }; LinkList* LinkList_Create(); void LinkList_Destroy(LinkList* list); void LinkList_Clear(LinkList* list); int LinkList_Length(LinkList* list); int LinkList_Insert(LinkList* list, LinkListNode* node, int pos); LinkListNode* LinkList_Get(LinkList* list, int pos); LinkListNode* LinkList_Delete(LinkList* list, int pos); #endif
/* LinkList.c */ #include <stdio.h> #include <malloc.h> #include "LinkList.h" typedef struct _tag_LinkList { LinkListNode header; int length; } TLinkList; LinkList* LinkList_Create() // O(1) { TLinkList* ret = (TLinkList*)malloc(sizeof(TLinkList)); if( ret != NULL ) { ret->length = 0; ret->header.next = NULL; } return ret; } void LinkList_Destroy(LinkList* list) // O(1) { free(list); } void LinkList_Clear(LinkList* list) // O(1) { TLinkList* sList = (TLinkList*)list; if( sList != NULL ) { sList->length = 0; sList->header.next = NULL; } } int LinkList_Length(LinkList* list) // O(1) { TLinkList* sList = (TLinkList*)list; int ret = -1; if( sList != NULL ) { ret = sList->length; } return ret; } int LinkList_Insert(LinkList* list, LinkListNode* node, int pos) // O(n) { TLinkList* sList = (TLinkList*)list; int ret = (sList != NULL) && (pos >= 0) && (node != NULL); int i = 0; if( ret ) { LinkListNode* current = (LinkListNode*)sList; for(i=0; (i<pos) && (current->next != NULL); i++) { current = current->next; } node->next = current->next; current->next = node; sList->length++; } return ret; } LinkListNode* LinkList_Get(LinkList* list, int pos) // O(n) { TLinkList* sList = (TLinkList*)list; LinkListNode* ret = NULL; int i = 0; if( (sList != NULL) && (0 <= pos) && (pos < sList->length) ) { LinkListNode* current = (LinkListNode*)sList; for(i=0; i<pos; i++) { current = current->next; } ret = current->next; } return ret; } LinkListNode* LinkList_Delete(LinkList* list, int pos) // O(n) { TLinkList* sList = (TLinkList*)list; LinkListNode* ret = NULL; int i = 0; if( (sList != NULL) && (0 <= pos) && (pos < sList->length) ) { LinkListNode* current = (LinkListNode*)sList; for(i=0; i<pos; i++) { current = current->next; } ret = current->next; current->next = ret->next; sList->length--; } return ret; }
/* GTree.h */ #ifndef _GTREE_H_ #define _GTree_H_ typedef void GTree; typedef void GTreeData; typedef void (GTree_Printf)(GTreeData*); GTree* GTree_Create(); void GTree_Destroy(GTree* tree); void GTree_Clear(GTree* tree); int GTree_Insert(GTree* tree, GTreeData* data, int pPos); GTreeData* GTree_Delete(GTree* tree, int pos); GTreeData* GTree_Get(GTree* tree, int pos); GTreeData* GTree_Root(GTree* tree); int GTree_Height(GTree* tree); int GTree_Count(GTree* tree); int GTree_Degree(GTree* tree); void GTree_Display(GTree* tree, GTree_Printf* pFunc, int gap, char div); #endif
/* GTree.c */ #include <stdio.h> #include <malloc.h> #include "GTree.h" #include "LinkList.h" typedef struct _tag_GTreeNode GTreeNode; struct _tag_GTreeNode { GTreeData* data; GTreeNode* parent; LinkList* child; }; typedef struct _tag_TLNode TLNode; struct _tag_TLNode { LinkListNode header; GTreeNode* node; }; static void recursive_display(GTreeNode* node, GTree_Printf* pFunc, int format, int gap, char div) { int i = 0; if( (node != NULL) && (pFunc != NULL) ) { for(i=0; i<format; i++) { printf("%c", div); } pFunc(node->data); printf("\n"); for(i=0; i<LinkList_Length(node->child); i++) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(node->child, i); recursive_display(trNode->node, pFunc, format + gap, gap, div); } } } static void recursive_delete(LinkList* list, GTreeNode* node) { if( (list != NULL) && (node != NULL) ) { GTreeNode* parent = node->parent; int index = -1; int i = 0; for(i=0; i<LinkList_Length(list); i++) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(list, i); if( trNode->node == node ) { LinkList_Delete(list, i); free(trNode); index = i; break; } } if( index >= 0 ) { if( parent != NULL ) { for(i=0; i<LinkList_Length(parent->child); i++) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(parent->child, i); if( trNode->node == node ) { LinkList_Delete(parent->child, i); free(trNode); break; } } } while( LinkList_Length(node->child) > 0 ) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(node->child, 0); recursive_delete(list, trNode->node); } LinkList_Destroy(node->child); free(node); } } } static int recursive_height(GTreeNode* node) { int ret = 0; if( node != NULL ) { int subHeight = 0; int i = 0; for(i=0; i<LinkList_Length(node->child); i++) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(node->child, i); subHeight = recursive_height(trNode->node); if( ret < subHeight ) { ret = subHeight; } } ret = ret + 1; } return ret; } static int recursive_degree(GTreeNode* node) { int ret = -1; if( node != NULL ) { int subDegree = 0; int i = 0; ret = LinkList_Length(node->child); for(i=0; i<LinkList_Length(node->child); i++) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(node->child, i); subDegree = recursive_degree(trNode->node); if( ret < subDegree ) { ret = subDegree; } } } return ret; } GTree* GTree_Create() { return LinkList_Create(); } void GTree_Destroy(GTree* tree) { GTree_Clear(tree); LinkList_Destroy(tree); } void GTree_Clear(GTree* tree) { GTree_Delete(tree, 0); } int GTree_Insert(GTree* tree, GTreeData* data, int pPos) { LinkList* list = (LinkList*)tree; int ret = (list != NULL) && (data != NULL) && (pPos < LinkList_Length(list)); if( ret ) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)malloc(sizeof(TLNode)); TLNode* cldNode = (TLNode*)malloc(sizeof(TLNode)); TLNode* pNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(list, pPos); GTreeNode* cNode = (GTreeNode*)malloc(sizeof(GTreeNode)); ret = (trNode != NULL) && (cldNode != NULL) && (cNode != NULL); if( ret ) { cNode->data = data; cNode->parent = NULL; cNode->child = LinkList_Create(); trNode->node = cNode; cldNode->node = cNode; LinkList_Insert(list, (LinkListNode*)trNode, LinkList_Length(list)); if( pNode != NULL ) { cNode->parent = pNode->node; LinkList_Insert(pNode->node->child, (LinkListNode*)cldNode, LinkList_Length(pNode->node->child)); } } else { free(trNode); free(cldNode); free(cNode); } } return ret; } GTreeData* GTree_Delete(GTree* tree, int pos) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(tree, pos); GTreeData* ret = NULL; if( trNode != NULL ) { ret = trNode->node->data; recursive_delete(tree, trNode->node); } return ret; } GTreeData* GTree_Get(GTree* tree, int pos) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(tree, pos); GTreeData* ret = NULL; if( trNode != NULL ) { ret = trNode->node->data; } return ret; } GTreeData* GTree_Root(GTree* tree) { return GTree_Get(tree, 0); } int GTree_Height(GTree* tree) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(tree, 0); int ret = 0; if( trNode != NULL ) { ret = recursive_height(trNode->node); } return ret; } int GTree_Count(GTree* tree) { return LinkList_Length(tree); } int GTree_Degree(GTree* tree) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(tree, 0); int ret = -1; if( trNode != NULL ) { ret = recursive_degree(trNode->node); } return ret; } void GTree_Display(GTree* tree, GTree_Printf* pFunc, int gap, char div) { TLNode* trNode = (TLNode*)LinkList_Get(tree, 0); if( (trNode != NULL) && (pFunc != NULL) ) { recursive_display(trNode->node, pFunc, 0, gap, div); } }