Tutorial: Model

What is a model?

Across the internet the definition of MVC is so diluted that it's hard to tell what exactly your model should be doing. The authors of backbone.js have quite a clear definition of what they believe the model represents in backbone.js.

Models are the heart of any JavaScript application, containing the interactive data as well as a large part of the logic surrounding it: conversions, validations, computed properties, and access control.

So for the purpose of the tutorial let's create a model.

    Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
        initialize: function(){
            alert("Welcome to this world");
        }
    });
    
    var person = new Person;

So initialize() is triggered whenever you create a new instance of a model( models, collections and views work the same way ). You don't have to include it in your model declaration but you will find yourself using it more often than not.

Setting attributes

Now we want to pass some parameters when we create an instance of our model.

    Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
        initialize: function(){
            alert("Welcome to this world");
        }
    });
    
    var person = new Person({ name: "Thomas", age: 67});
    // or we can set afterwards, these operations are equivelent
    var person = new Person();
    person.set({ name: "Thomas", age: 67});
    

So passing a JavaScript object to our constructor is the same as calling model.set(). Now that these models have attributes set we need to be able to retrieve them.

Getting attributes

Using the model.get() method we can access model properties at anytime.

    Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
        initialize: function(){
            alert("Welcome to this world");
        }
    });
    
    var person = new Person({ name: "Thomas", age: 67, child: 'Ryan'});
    
    var age = person.get("age"); // 67
    var name = person.get("name"); // "Thomas"
    var child = person.get("child"); // 'Ryan'
    

Setting model defaults

Sometimes you will want your model to contain default values. This can easily be accomplished by setting a property name 'defaults' in your model declaration.

    Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
        defaults: {
            name: 'Fetus',
            age: 0,
            child: ''
        },
        initialize: function(){
            alert("Welcome to this world");
        }
    });
    
    var person = new Person({ name: "Thomas", age: 67, child: 'Ryan'});
    
    var age = person.get("age"); // 67
    var name = person.get("name"); // "Thomas"
    var child = person.get("child"); // 'Ryan'
    

Manipulating model attributes

Models can contain as many custom methods as you like to manipulate attributes. By default all methods are public.

    Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
        defaults: {
            name: 'Fetus',
            age: 0,
            child: ''
        },
        initialize: function(){
            alert("Welcome to this world");
        },
        adopt: function( newChildsName ){
            this.set({ child: newChildsName });
        }
    });
    
    var person = new Person({ name: "Thomas", age: 67, child: 'Ryan'});
    person.adopt('John Resig');
    var child = person.get("child"); // 'John Resig'
    

So we can implement methods to get/set and perform other calculations using attributes from our model at any time.

Listening for changes to the model

Now onto one of the more useful parts of using a library such as backbone. All attributes of a model can have listeners bound to them to detect changes to their values. In our initialize function we are going to bind a function call everytime we change the value of our attribute. In this case if the name of our "person" changes we will alert their new name.

    Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
        defaults: {
            name: 'Fetus',
            age: 0
        },
        initialize: function(){
            alert("Welcome to this world");
            this.on("change:name", function(model){
                var name = model.get("name"); // 'Stewie Griffin'
                alert("Changed my name to " + name );
            });
        }
    });
    
    var person = new Person({ name: "Thomas", age: 67});
    person.set({name: 'Stewie Griffin'}); // This triggers a change and will alert()

So we can bind the change listener to individual attributes or if we like simply 'this.on("change", function(model){});' to listen for changes to all attributes of the model.

You might meet with Error :Uncaught TypeError:Object[object object] has no method 'on' . here. this is becasue 

You need to update jQuery version.

Because jQuery 1.6 does not have .on() it's added into new version of jQuery.

Interacting with the server

Models are used to represent data from your server and actions you perform on them will be translated to RESTful operations.

The id attribute of a model identifies how to find it on the database usually mapping to the surrogate key.

For the purpose of this tutorial imagine that we have a mysql table called Users with the columns id, name, email.

The server has implemented a RESTful URL /user which allows us to interact with it.

Our model definition shall thus look like;

    var UserModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
        urlRoot: '/user',
        defaults: {
            name: '',
            email: ''
        }

    });

Creating a new model

If we wish to create a new user on the server then we will instantiate a new UserModel and call save. If the id attribute of the model is null, Backbone.js will send a POST request to the urlRoot of the server.

    var UserModel = Backbone.Model.extend({
        urlRoot: '/user',
        defaults: {
            name: '',
            email: ''
        }
    });
    var user = new Usermodel();
    // Notice that we haven't set an `id`
    var userDetails = {
        name: 'Thomas',
        email: 'thomasalwyndavis@gmail.com'
    };
    // Because we have not set a `id` the server will call
    // POST /user with a payload of {name:'Thomas', email: 'thomasalwyndavis@gmail.com'}
    // The server should save the data and return a response containing the new `id`
    user.save(userDetails, {
        success: function (user) {
            alert(user.toJSON());
        }
    })

Our table should now have the values

1, 'Thomas', 'thomasalwyndavis@gmail.com'

Getting a model

Now that we have saved a new user model, we can retrieve it from the server. We know that the id is 1 from the above example.

If we instantiate a model with an id, Backbone.js will automatically perform a get request to the urlRoot + '/id' (conforming to RESTful conventions)

    // Here we have set the `id` of the model
    var user = new Usermodel({id: 1});

    // The fetch below will perform GET /user/1
    // The server should return the id, name and email from the database
    user.fetch({
        success: function (user) {
            alert(user.toJSON());
        }
    })

Updating a model

Now that we have a model that exist on the server we can perform an update using a PUT request. We will use the save api call which is intelligent and will send a PUT request instead of a POST request if an id is present(conforming to RESTful conventions)

    // Here we have set the `id` of the model
    var user = new Usermodel({
        id: 1,
        name: 'Thomas',
        email: 'thomasalwyndavis@gmail.com'
    });

    // Let's change the name and update the server
    // Because there is `id` present, Backbone.js will fire
    // PUT /user/1 with a payload of `{name: 'Davis', email: 'thomasalwyndavis@gmail.com'}`
    user.save({name: 'Davis'}, {
        success: function (model) {
            alert(user.toJSON());
        }
    });

Deleting a model

When a model has an id we know that it exist on the server, so if we wish to remove it from the server we can call destroy. destroy will fire off a DELETE /user/id (conforming to RESTful conventions).

    // Here we have set the `id` of the model
    var user = new Usermodel({
        id: 1,
        name: 'Thomas',
        email: 'thomasalwyndavis@gmail.com'
    });

    // Because there is `id` present, Backbone.js will fire
    // DELETE /user/1 
    user.destroy({
        success: function () {
            alert('Destroyed');
        }
    });

Tips and Tricks

Get all the current attributes

      
    var person = new Person({ name: "Thomas", age: 67});
    var attributes = person.toJSON(); // { name: "Thomas", age: 67}
    /* This simply returns a copy of the current attributes. */
    
    var attributes = person.attributes;
    /* The line above gives a direct reference to the attributes and you should be careful when playing with it.   Best practise would suggest that you use .set() to edit attributes of a model to take advantage of backbone listeners. */

Validate data before you set or save it

    Person = Backbone.Model.extend({
        // If you return a string from the validate function,
        // Backbone will throw an error
        validate: function( attributes ){
            if( attributes.age < 0 && attributes.name != "Dr Manhatten" ){
                return "You can't be negative years old";
            }
        },
        initialize: function(){
            alert("Welcome to this world");
            this.bind("error", function(model, error){
                // We have received an error, log it, alert it or forget it :)
                alert( error );
            });
        }
    });
    
    var person = new Person;
    person.set({ name: "Mary Poppins", age: -1 }); 
    // Will trigger an alert outputting the error
    
    var person = new Person;
    person.set({ name: "Dr Manhatten", age: -1 });
    // God have mercy on our souls