mysql数据库表操作-表的主键索引和普通索引

  数据库索引就象书的目录一样,如果在字段上建立了索引,那么以索引列为查询条件时可以加快查询数据的速度。查询数据库,按主键查询是最快的,每个表只能有一个主键列,但是可以有多个普通索引列,主键列要求列的所有内容必须唯一,而普通索引列不要求内容必须唯一。主键就类似我们在学校学习时的学好一样,班级里是唯一的,整个表的每一条记录的主键值在表内都是唯一的,用来唯一标识一条记录

  创建表的时候同时为表创建主键索引和普通索引:例子如下    

    mysql> create table student( id int(4) not null auto_increment, name char(20) not null, age tinyint(2) not null default'0', dept varchar(16) default null, primary key(id), key     index_name(name) );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    注意

      primary key(id)  <-主键

      KEY index_name(name) <-name字段普通索引

      只有int类型且为primary key才可以使用auto_increment

 

   查看student表的表结构:

    

    mysql> show create table student\G;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
    Table: student
    Create Table: CREATE TABLE `student` (
    `id` int(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `name` char(20) NOT NULL,
    `age` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
    `dept` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
    KEY `index_name` (`name`)
    ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    ERROR:
    No query specified

  删除表的主键:

    alter table student1 drop primary key;

    注意:如果一个表中的primary key设置了AUTO_INCREMENT(自动增加)的话,就删不掉

  修改student2表的id列为自增主键列:例子  

    修改前:  

    mysql> desc student2;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | |
    | name | char(20) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
    | age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 | |
    | dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    修改后:    

      mysql> alter table student2 change id id int primary key auto_increment;
      Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
      Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

      mysql> desc student2;
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
      | name | char(20) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
      | age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 | |
      | dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | |
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

  为student2表的删除name列普通索引:例子

    删除前:      

      mysql> desc student2;
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
      | name | char(20) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
      | age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 | |
      | dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | |
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    删除后:

      mysql> alter table student2 drop index index_name;
      Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.08 sec)
      Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

      mysql> desc student2;
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
      | name | char(20) | NO | | NULL | |
      | age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 | |
      | dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | |
      +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
      4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    为student2表的name列增加普通索引,索引的名字叫作index_name:例子      

      mysql> alter table student2 add index index_name(name);
      Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
      Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

      mysql> show create table student2\G;
      *************************** 1. row ***************************
      Table: student2
      Create Table: CREATE TABLE `student2` (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
      `name` char(20) NOT NULL,
      `age` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
      `dept` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
      KEY `index_name` (`name`)
      ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
      1 row in set (0.00 sec)

      ERROR:
      No query specified   

    注意: KEY `index_name` (`name`)  提示:访问数据量很大的时候,不适合建立普通索引,会影响用户访问,尽量选择业务低估时建立索引

posted on 2017-12-22 10:03  永远的大空翼  阅读(1711)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报