基于Hadoop2.7.3集群数据仓库Hive1.2.2的部署及使用
基于Hadoop2.7.3集群数据仓库Hive1.2.2的部署及使用
HBase是一种分布式、面向列的NoSQL数据库,基于HDFS存储,以表的形式存储数据,表由行和列组成,列划分到列族中。HBase不提供类SQL查询语言,要想像SQL这样查询数据,可以使用Phonix,让SQL查询转换成hbase的扫描和对应的操作,也可以使用现在说讲Hive仓库工具,让HBase作为Hive存储。
Hive是运行在Hadoop之上的数据仓库,将结构化的数据文件映射为一张数据库表,提供简单类SQL查询语言,称为HQL,并将SQL语句转换成MapReduce任务运算。有利于利用SQL语言查询、分析数据,适于处理不频繁变动的数据。Hive底层可以是HBase或者HDFS存储的文件。
两者都是基于Hadoop上不同的技术,相互结合使用,可处理企业中不同类型的业务,利用Hive处理非结构化离线分析统计,利用HBase处理在线查询。
1.安装hive通过二进制包安装
下载地址:http://mirrors.shuosc.org/apache/hive/stable/apache-hive-1.2.2-bin.tar.gz
tar -zxf apache-hive-1.2.2-bin.tar.gz
配置环境变量
# vi /etc/profile HIVE_HOME=/data/yunva/apache-hive-1.2.2-bin PATH=$PATH:$HIVE_HOME/bin export HIVE_NAME PATH # source /etc/profile
2.安装mysql,存储hive相关的信息(此处因为资源使用问题,mysql安装在了另外的服务器中)
# yum install -y mariadb mariadb-server # systemctl start mariadb
在MySQL创建Hive元数据存放库和连接用户
mysql>create database hive; mysql>grant all on *.* to'hive'@'%' identified by 'hive'; mysql>flush privileges;
3.配置hive
cd /data/yunva/apache-hive-1.2.2-bin/conf cp hive-default.xml.template hive-default.xml
配置hive连接mysql的信息
# vim hive-site.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?> <configuration> <property> <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL</name> <value>jdbc:mysql://10.10.11.214:3306/hive?createDatabaseIfNotExist=true</value> <description>JDBC connect string for a JDBC metastore</description> </property> <property> <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName</name> <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</value> <description>Driver class name for a JDBC metastore</description> </property> <property> <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName</name> <value>hive</value> <description>username to use against metastore database</description> </property> <property> <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword</name> <value>hive</value> <description>password to use against metastore database</description> </property> </configuration>
4.安装java连接mysql的驱动
下载地址:https://cdn.mysql.com//Downloads/Connector-J/mysql-connector-java-5.1.45.tar.gz
将解压的mysql-connector-java-5.1.45-bin.jar放到/data/yunva/apache-hive-1.2.2-bin/lib目录
5.启动Hive服务
# hive --service metastore & [root@test3 apache-hive-1.2.2-bin]# ps -ef|grep hive root 4302 3176 99 14:09 pts/0 00:00:06 /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_65/bin/java -Xmx256m -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true -Dhadoop.log.dir=/data/yunva/hadoop-2.7.3/logs -Dhadoop.log.file=hadoop.log -Dhadoop.home.dir=/data/yunva/hadoop-2.7.3 -Dhadoop.id.str=root -Dhadoop.root.logger=INFO,console -Dhadoop.policy.file=hadoop-policy.xml -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true -Xmx512m -Dhadoop.security.logger=INFO,NullAppender org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar /data/yunva/apache-hive-1.2.2-bin/lib/hive-service-1.2.2.jar org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.HiveMetaStore root 4415 3176 0 14:09 pts/0 00:00:00 grep hive [root@test3 apache-hive-1.2.2-bin]# jps 15445 HRegionServer 4428 Jps 4302 RunJa # hive会启动叫做RunJa的程序
客户端配置,需要集成Hadoop环境
scp -P 48490 -r apache-hive-1.2.2-bin 10.10.114.112:/data/yunva
配置环境变量:
vim /etc/profile
# hive client
HIVE_HOME=/data/yunva/apache-hive-1.2.2-bin
PATH=$PATH:$HIVE_HOME/bin
export HIVE_NAME PATH
# vi hive-site.xml(或者直接使用原有配置不变,此时hive就有两个服务端了)
<configuration> <!--通过thrift方式连接hive--> <property> <name>hive.metastore.uris</name> <value>thrift://hive_server_ip:9083</value> </property> </configuration>
简单测试:
执行hive命令会进入命令界面:
[root@test3 apache-hive-1.2.2-bin]# hive Logging initialized using configuration in jar:file:/data/yunva/apache-hive-1.2.2-bin/lib/hive-common-1.2.2.jar!/hive-log4j.properties hive> show databases; OK default Time taken: 1.158 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s) hive> create database yunvatest; hive> use yunvatest; OK Time taken: 0.021 seconds hive> show databases; OK default yunvatest Time taken: 0.225 seconds, Fetched: 2 row(s) hive> create table table_test(id string,name string); OK Time taken: 0.417 seconds hive> show tables; OK table_test Time taken: 0.033 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s)
6.Hive常用SQL命令
6.1先创建一个测试库
hive> create database test;
hive> use test;
创建tb1表,并指定字段分隔符为tab键(否则会插入NULL)
hive> create table tb1(id int,name string) row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';
如果想再创建一个表,而且表结构和tb1一样,可以这样:
hive> create table table2 like tb1;
查看下表结构:
hive> describe table2;
OK
id int
name string
Time taken: 0.126 seconds, Fetched: 2 row(s)
6.2从本地文件中导入数据到Hive表
先创建数据文件,键值要以tab键空格:
# cat seasons.txt 1 spring 2 summer 3 autumn 4 winter
再导入数据:
hive> load data local inpath'/root/seasons.txt' overwrite into table tb1;
查询是否导入成功
hive> select * from tb1; OK 1 spring 2 summer 3 autumn 4 winter
6.3从HDFS中导入数据到Hive表:
列出hdfs文件系统根目录下的目录
hadoop fs -ls /
创建test根目录
hadoop fs -mkdir /test
put 命令向/test目录写入文件为siji.txt
hadoop fs -put /root/seasons.txt /test/siji.txt
查看siji.txt文件内容
# hadoop fs -cat /test/siji.txt 17/12/06 14:54:34 WARN util.NativeCodeLoader: Unable to load native-hadoop library for your platform... using builtin-java classes where applicable 1 spring 2 summer 3 autumn 4 winte
hive> load data inpath '/test/siji.txt' overwrite into table table2;
Loading data to table test.table2
Table test.table2 stats: [numFiles=1, numRows=0, totalSize=36, rawDataSize=0]
OK
Time taken: 0.336 seconds
查询是否导入成功
hive> select * from table2; OK 1 spring 2 summer 3 autumn 4 winter Time taken: 0.074 seconds, Fetched: 4 row(s)
6.4上面是基本表的简单操作,为了提高处理性能,Hive引入了分区机制,那我们就了解分区表概念:
1>.分区表是在创建表时指定的分区空间
2>.一个表可以有一个或多个分区,意思把数据划分成块
3>.分区以字段的形式在表结构中,不存放实际数据内容
分区表优点:将表中数据根据条件分配到不同的分区中,缩小查询范围,提高检索速度和处理性能
6.5单分区表:
创建单分区表tb2(HDFS表目录下只有一级目录):
hive> create table tb2(id int,name string) partitioned by (dt string) row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';
注:dt可以理解为分区名称。
从文件中把数据导入到Hive分区表,并定义分区信息(需要已经存在的表)
hive> load data local inpath '/root/seasons.txt' into table tb2 partition (dt='2017-12-06');
hive> load data local inpath '/root/seasons.txt' into table tb2 partition (dt='2017-12-07');
查看表数据
hive> select * from tb2; OK 1 spring 2017-12-06 2 summer 2017-12-06 3 autumn 2017-12-06 4 winter 2017-12-06 1 spring 2017-12-07 2 summer 2017-12-07 3 autumn 2017-12-07 4 winter 2017-12-07 Time taken: 0.086 seconds, Fetched: 8 row(s)
查看HDFS仓库中表目录变化
[root@test4_haili_dev ~]# hadoop fs -ls -R /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/tb2 17/12/06 15:09:58 WARN util.NativeCodeLoader: Unable to load native-hadoop library for your platform... using builtin-java classes where applicable drwxrwxrwx - root supergroup 0 2017-12-06 15:07 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/tb2/dt=2017-12-06 -rwxrwxrwx 3 root supergroup 36 2017-12-06 15:07 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/tb2/dt=2017-12-06/seasons.txt drwxrwxrwx - root supergroup 0 2017-12-06 15:07 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/tb2/dt=2017-12-07 -rwxrwxrwx 3 root supergroup 36 2017-12-06 15:07 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/tb2/dt=2017-12-07/seasons.txt
可以看到tb2表导入的数据根据日期将数据划分到不同目录下
6.6多分区表:
创建多分区表tb3(HDFS表目录下有一级目录,一级目录下再有子级目录)
hive> create table table3(id int,name string) partitioned by (dt string,location string) row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';
从文件中把数据导入到Hive分区表,并定义分区信息
hive> load data local inpath '/root/seasons.txt' into table table3 partition (dt='2017-12-06',location='guangzhou');
hive> load data local inpath '/root/seasons.txt' into table table3 partition (dt='2017-12-07',location='shenzhen');
查看表数据
hive> select * from table3; OK 1 spring 2017-12-06 guangzhou 2 summer 2017-12-06 guangzhou 3 autumn 2017-12-06 guangzhou 4 winter 2017-12-06 guangzhou 1 spring 2017-12-07 shenzhen 2 summer 2017-12-07 shenzhen 3 autumn 2017-12-07 shenzhen 4 winter 2017-12-07 shenzhen
查看HDFS仓库中表目录变化
[root@test3 yunva]# hadoop fs -ls -R /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/table3 17/12/06 15:22:27 WARN util.NativeCodeLoader: Unable to load native-hadoop library for your platform... using builtin-java classes where applicable drwxrwxrwx - root supergroup 0 2017-12-06 15:19 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/table3/dt=2017-12-06 drwxrwxrwx - root supergroup 0 2017-12-06 15:19 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/table3/dt=2017-12-06/location=guangzhou -rwxrwxrwx 3 root supergroup 36 2017-12-06 15:19 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/table3/dt=2017-12-06/location=guangzhou/seasons.txt drwxrwxrwx - root supergroup 0 2017-12-06 15:20 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/table3/dt=2017-12-07 drwxrwxrwx - root supergroup 0 2017-12-06 15:20 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/table3/dt=2017-12-07/location=shenzhen -rwxrwxrwx 3 root supergroup 36 2017-12-06 15:20 /user/hive/warehouse/test.db/table3/dt=2017-12-07/location=shenzhen/seasons.txt
可以看到表中一级dt分区目录下又分成了location分区。
查看表分区信息
hive> show partitions table3;
OK
dt=2017-12-06/location=guangzhou
dt=2017-12-07/location=shenzhen
Time taken: 0.073 seconds, Fetched: 2 row(s)
根据分区查询数据
hive> select name from table3 where dt='2017-12-06';
OK
spring
summer
autumn
winter
Time taken: 0.312 seconds, Fetched: 4 row(s)
重命名分区
hive> alter table table3 partition (dt='2017-12-06',location='guangzhou') rename to partition(dt='20171206',location='shanghai');
删除分区
hive> alter table table3 drop partition(dt='2017-12-06',location='guangzhou');
OK
Time taken: 0.113 seconds
可以看到已经查不出来了
hive> select name from table3 where dt='2017-12-06';
OK
Time taken: 0.078 seconds
模糊搜索表
hive> show tables 'tb*';
OK
tb1
tb2
给表新添加一列
hive> alter table tb1 add columns (comment string); OK Time taken: 0.106 seconds hive> describe tb1; OK id int name string comment string Time taken: 0.079 seconds, Fetched: 3 row(s)
重命名表
hive> alter table tb1 rename to new_tb1;
OK
Time taken: 0.095 seconds
hive> show tables;
OK
new_tb1
table2
table3
tb2
删除表
hive> drop table new_tb1;
OK
Time taken: 0.094 seconds
hive> show tables;
OK
table2
table3
tb2