Solution -「HAOI 2018」「洛谷 P4491」染色

$\mathcal{Description}$

  Link.

  用 $m$ 种颜色为长为 $n$ 的序列染色，每个位置一种颜色。对于一种染色方案，其价值为 $w(\text{出现恰 }s\text{ 次的颜色种数})$（$w(0..m)$ 给定），求所有染色方案的价值和。

  $n\le10^7$，$m\le10^5$，答案对 $p=1004535809=479\times2^{21}+1$ 取模。

$\mathcal{Solution}$

  记 $l=\min\{m,\lfloor\frac{n}{s}\rfloor\}$，显然只能对于 $i=0..l$，分别算出 $w(i)$ 的贡献次数。考虑容斥，令 $f(i)$ 表示至少 $i$ 种颜色恰好出现 $s$ 次的染色方案数。那么：

$$f(i)=\binom{m}i\frac{n!}{(s!)^i(n-is)!}(m-i)^{n-is}$$

  即：选出 $i$ 种颜色钦定恰好出现 $s$ 次；多重集排列安排已被染色的 $is$ 个位置和剩下的 $(n-is)$ 个位置；为 $(n-is)$ 个位置任选未使用的颜色。

  此后，令 $g(i)$ 表示恰好 $i$ 种颜色恰好出现 $s$ 次的染色方案数，容斥：

$$\begin{aligned} g(i)&=\sum_{j=i}^l(-1)^{l-i}\binom{j}if_j\\ &=\sum_{j=i}^l(-1)^{l-j}\frac{j!}{i!(j-i)!}f_j\\ &=\frac{1}{i!}\sum_{j=i}^l\frac{(-1)^{l-j}}{(j-i)!}(j!f_j) \end{aligned}$$

  很俗套 trick，翻转乘积式任意一项就能写成卷积形式，NTT 求出 $g(i)$ 即可。

  复杂度 $\mathcal O(n+l\log l)$。

$\mathcal{Code}$

/* Clearink */

#include <cstdio>

#define rep( i, l, r ) for ( int i = l, rpbound##i = r; i <= rpbound##i; ++i )
#define per( i, r, l ) for ( int i = r, rpbound##i = l; i >= rpbound##i; --i )

const int MAXN = 1e7, MAXM = 1e5, MOD = 1004535809, G = 3, MAXLEN = 1 << 18;
int n, m, s, w[MAXM + 5], f[MAXLEN + 5], g[MAXLEN + 5], rev[MAXLEN + 5];
int fac[MAXN + 5], ifac[MAXN + 5]; // warning: 77MB.

inline char fgc () {
	static char buf[1 << 17], *p = buf, *q = buf;
	return p == q && ( q = buf + fread ( p = buf, 1, 1 << 17, stdin ), p == q )
		? EOF : *p++;
}

inline int rint () {
	int x = 0; char s = fgc ();
	for ( ; s < '0' || '9' < s; s = fgc () );
	for ( ; '0' <= s && s <= '9'; s = fgc () ) x = x * 10 + ( s ^ '0' );
	return x;
}

inline void iswp ( int& a, int& b ) { a ^= b ^= a ^= b; }
inline int imin ( const int a, const int b ) { return a < b ? a : b; }
inline int imax ( const int a, const int b ) { return a < b ? b : a; }
inline int mul ( const long long a, const int b ) { return a * b % MOD; }
inline int sub ( int a, const int b ) { return ( a -= b ) < 0 ? a + MOD : a; }
inline int add ( int a, const int b ) { return ( a += b ) < MOD ? a : a - MOD; }

inline int mpow ( int a, int b ) {
	int ret = 1;
	for ( ; b; a = mul ( a, a ), b >>= 1 ) ret = mul ( ret, b & 1 ? a : 1 );
	return ret;
}
inline int inv ( const int n ) { return mpow ( n, MOD - 2 ); }

inline void init ( const int n ) { 
	fac[0] = 1;
	rep ( i, 1, n ) fac[i] = mul ( i, fac[i - 1] );
	ifac[n] = inv ( fac[n] );
	per ( i, n - 1, 0 ) ifac[i] = mul ( i + 1, ifac[i + 1] );
}

inline int comb ( const int n, const int m ) {
	return n < m ? 0 : mul ( fac[n], mul ( ifac[m], ifac[n - m] ) );
}

inline void NTT ( const int n, int* A, const int flg ) {
	rep ( i, 0, n - 1 ) if ( i < rev[i] ) iswp ( A[i], A[rev[i]] );
	for ( int i = 2, stp = 1; i <= n; i <<= 1, stp <<= 1 ) {
		int w = mpow ( G, ( MOD - 1 ) / i );
		if ( !~flg ) w = inv ( w );
		for ( int j = 0; j < n; j += i ) {
			for ( int k = j, wk = 1; k < j + stp; ++k, wk = mul ( wk, w ) ) {
				int ev = A[k], ov = mul ( wk, A[k + stp] );
				A[k] = add ( ev, ov ), A[k + stp] = sub ( ev, ov );
			}
		}
	}
	if ( !~flg ) {
		int in = inv ( n );
		rep ( i, 0, n - 1 ) A[i] = mul ( in, A[i] );
	}
}

int main () {
	n = rint (), m = rint (), s = rint ();
	init ( imax ( n, m ) );
	rep ( i, 0, m ) w[i] = rint ();
	int mx = imin ( m, n / s );
	for ( int i = 0, fp = 1; i <= mx; ++i, fp = mul ( fp, fac[s] ) ) {
		f[i] = mul ( fac[i], mul ( mul ( comb ( m, i ), mpow ( m - i, n - i * s ) ),
			mul ( fac[n], inv ( mul ( fp, fac[n - i * s] ) ) ) ) );
	}
	rep ( i, 0, mx ) {
		g[i] = ( ( mx - i ) & 1 ? sub : add )( 0, inv ( fac[mx - i] ) );
	}
	int len = 1, lgv = 0;
	for ( ; len < mx + 1 << 1; len <<= 1, ++lgv );
	rep ( i, 0, len - 1 ) rev[i] = ( rev[i >> 1] >> 1 ) | ( ( i & 1 ) << lgv >> 1 );
	NTT ( len, f, 1 ), NTT ( len, g, 1 );
	rep ( i, 0, len - 1 ) f[i] = mul ( f[i], g[i] );
	NTT ( len, f, -1 );
	int ans = 0;
	rep ( i, 0, mx ) {
		ans = add ( ans, mul ( w[i], mul ( f[i + mx], ifac[i] ) ) );
	}
	printf ( "%d\n", ans );
	return 0;
}