nginx-学习（一）

一、nginx

一、nginx

1.nginx的简介

根据现在的分布式项目的应用场景越拉越多，且需要对服务进行冗余部署，nginx也变得越来越火，nginx具有三大核心功能：

反向代理
负载均衡
静态资源服务器

2.nginx的安装并快速启动

启动之前必须安装docker-compose

在 cd /usr/local/docker下新建文件夹 mkdir nginx

然后在 /usr/local/docker/nginx目录下：vi docker-compose.yml

使用docker-compose.yml快速启动

version: '3.1'
services:
  nginx:
    restart: always
    image: daocloud.io/library/nginx:latest
    container_name: nginx
    ports:
      - 80:80

使用命令：docker-compose up -d ，使配置文件运行

3.nginx的核心配置文件 nginx.conf

nginx.conf

user  nginx;
worker_processes  1; # 跟并发量有关，运维的同学负责

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024; # 跟并发量相关
}


http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types; # 引入mime类型的配置文件
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; # 引入conf.d内的所有配置文件
}

conf.d/default.conf

server {   #server块就是一个具体的项目
    listen       80; #nginx监听的端口
    listen  [::]:80;
    server_name  localhost; #该服务具体的ip地址

    #charset koi8-r;
    #access_log  /var/log/nginx/host.access.log  main;

    location / { # 要拦截的路径： / 根路径
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html; # 在根路径下拦截的内容会去/usr/share/nginx/html寻找静态资源
        index  index.html index.htm; #默认页面 /usr/share/nginx/html目录内找默认页面index.html或index.htm
    }

    #error_page  404              /404.html;

    # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
    #
    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
    location = /50x.html {
        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
    }

    # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
    #}

    # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
    #
    #location ~ \.php$ {
    #    root           html;
    #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
    #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
    #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
    #    include        fastcgi_params;
    #}

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /\.ht {
    #    deny  all;
    #}
}

这两个文件合并后的效果：

user  nginx;
worker_processes  1; 

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024; 
}


http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;
    
    
    
    
    
    //下面是conf.d/default.conf内容

    server {  
      listen       80; 
      listen  [::]:80;
      server_name  localhost; 

      location / { 
          root   /usr/share/nginx/html; 
          index  index.html index.htm; 
      }
  }
}

4.带配置文件的快速启动

1)创建nginx的配置文件

user  nginx;
worker_processes  1; 

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024; 
}


http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

    server {  
      listen       80; 
      listen  [::]:80;
      server_name  localhost; 

      location / { 
          root   /usr/share/nginx/html; 
          index  1.html; 
      }
  }
}

2)创建静态资源路径

3)编写docker-compose.yml文件(重点)

nginx文件夹下：wwwroot, conf/nginx.conf, docker-compose.yml

version: '3.1'
services:
  nginx:
    restart: always
    image: daocloud.io/library/nginx:latest
    container_name: nginx
    ports:
      - 8080:8080
    volumes: 
      - /usr/local/docker/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf # 挂载配置文件
      #前面部分是自己创建的配置文件(如上)：映射官方的配置文件
      - /usr/local/docker/nginx/wwwroot/:/usr/share/nginx/html/ #挂载静态资源路径

5.nginx实现反向代理

1）什么是正向代理和反向代理

正向代理：客户端主动设置的代理服务器，比如要FQ，主动设置代理服务器来获取墙外资源
反向代理：服务器端设置的代理服务器，向客户端屏蔽服务器端的服务器的部署结构。

2）如何实现反向代理

很简单，修改nginx的配置文件-----ngnix.conf

server{
  listen 80;
  server_name localhost;
    # 基于反向代理访问到Tomcat服务器
  location / {
    proxy_pass http://192.168.199.109:8080/;# 要代理到的目标服务器地址（通过本地映射到此路径）
  }
}

6.nginx的负载均衡

官方提供了三种负载均衡策略：

轮询：默认的负载均衡策略：多个请求轮流访问后端反向代理的服务器。
权重：根据权重比例，后端服务器收到的请求比例是设置的权重比例。
ip_hash：用户请求哪一个后端服务器，是由用户的ip地址决定，nginx通过ip地址的hash算法，算出访问后端的哪一个服务器。

三种负载均衡的实现：修改ngnix.conf中的配置文件（添加upstream的内容）

轮询

user  nginx;
worker_processes  1; 

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024; 
}


http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

    
    upstream ssm { # ssm 是当前后端服务器集群的名字
      server 192.168.241.132:9091;
      server 192.168.241.132:9092;
    }

    server {  
      listen       80; 
      listen  [::]:80;
      server_name  localhost; 

      location / { 
          proxy_pass http://ssm/; # 设置服务器集群的名字
      }
        
        
  }
}

权重

user  nginx;
worker_processes  1; 

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024; 
}


http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

    upstream ssm {
      server 172.16.253.4:9091 weight=10; # 带着权重比例
      server 172.16.253.4:8081 weight=90;
    }

    server {  
      listen       80; 
      listen  [::]:80;
      server_name  localhost; 

      location / { 
          proxy_pass http://ssm/;
      }
  }
}

ip_hash

user  nginx;
worker_processes  1; 

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024; 
}


http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

    upstream ssm {
      ip_hash; #使用ip_hash的负载均衡策略
      server 172.16.253.4:9091;
      server 172.16.253.4:8081;
    }

    server {  
      listen       80; 
      listen  [::]:80;
      server_name  localhost; 

      location / { 
          proxy_pass http://ssm/;
      }
  }
}

7.Nginx动静分离【`重点`】

Nginx的并发能力公式：

worker_processes * worker_connections / 4 | 2 = Nginx最终的并发能力

动态资源需要/4，静态资源需要/2.

Nginx通过动静分离，来提升Nginx的并发能力，更快的给用户响应。

7.1 动态资源代理

使用proxy_pass动态代理

# 配置如下
location / {
  proxy_pass 路径;
}

7.2 静态资源代理

使用root静态代理

# 配置如下
location / {
  root 静态资源路径;
  index 默认访问路径下的什么资源;
  autoindex on; # 代表展示静态资源全的全部内容，以列表的形式展开。
}

# 先修改docker，添加一个数据卷，映射到Nginx服务器的一个目录
# 添加了index.html和1.jpg静态资源
# 修改配置文件

posted @ 2021-07-21 16:35 牛奶配苦瓜阅读(56) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报

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