python socketpool:通用连接池

简介

在软件开发中经常要管理各种“连接”资源,通常我们会使用对应的连接池来管理,比如mysql数据库连接可以用sqlalchemy中的池来管理,thrift连接可以通过thriftpool管理,redis-py中的StrictRedis实现本身就是基于连接池的,等等。 而今天介绍的socketpool是一个通用的python连接池库,通过它可以实现任意类型连接的管理,虽然不是很完美,但在一些找不到合适连接池实现、而又不想自己造轮子的时候使用起来会节省很多精力。

内部实现要点

  • 这个类库的代码其实并不是特别的漂亮,但结构设计的不错,关键留下了对拓展开放的钩子,能让使用者根据自己的需要定制自己的连接池
  • 内部主要的组件有ConnectionPool,Connector和backend_mod三个
    • ConnectionPool实现了一个连接池的通用逻辑,用一个优先级队列管理所有连接,另外支持connection的生命周期定制,有一个reap机制(可选),基本思想是每个conn有一个最大生命周期,比如600秒,过了这个时间,就必须回收掉,reap线程(也有可能是greenlet或eventlet)定期检查过期的conn并进行回收
    • Connector是一个接口,它可以看做是一个制造conn的工厂,ConnectionPool在需要新建conn的时候,会通过这个工厂来生成conn。所以我们只要实现Connector的接口方法就可以定制一个自己的连接工厂
    • backend_mod是为了支持不同的线程模型(比如python原生线程,gevent或者eventlet)抽象出来的后端模块,它统一封装了Socket, PriorityQueue, Semaphore等和并发模型相关的组件,在创造ConnectionPool对象时可以通过参数控制选用哪种backend

部分代码阅读

ConnectionPool的初始化函数

     def __init__(self, factory,
                  retry_max=3, retry_delay=.1,
                  timeout=-1, max_lifetime=600.,
                  max_size=10, options=None,
                  reap_connections=True, reap_delay=1,
                  backend="thread"):

         if isinstance(backend, str):
             self.backend_mod = load_backend(backend)
             self.backend = backend
         else:
             self.backend_mod = backend
             self.backend = str(getattr(backend, '__name__', backend))
         self.max_size = max_size
         self.pool = getattr(self.backend_mod, 'PriorityQueue')()
         self._free_conns = 0
         self.factory = factory
         self.retry_max = retry_max
         self.retry_delay = retry_delay
         self.timeout = timeout
         self.max_lifetime = max_lifetime
         if options is None:
             self.options = {"backend_mod": self.backend_mod,
                             "pool": self}
         else:
             self.options = options
             self.options["backend_mod"] = self.backend_mod
             self.options["pool"] = self

         # bounded semaphore to make self._alive 'safe'
         self._sem = self.backend_mod.Semaphore(1)

         self._reaper = None
         if reap_connections:
             self.reap_delay = reap_delay
             self.start_reaper()
 

这里几个参数的意义:

  • factory是类对象,需要实现Connector接口,用来生成conn,options是调用factory时传入的参数
  • retry_max是获取conn时如果出错最多重试几次
  • max_lifetime是规定每个conn最大生命时间,见上面说的reap机制
  • max_size是这个pool的大小上限
  • backend是线程模型
  • reap_connections控制是否启用reap机制

被启动的reap就是一个单独的线程,定时调用下面的方法把过期的conn回收掉:

     def murder_connections(self):
         current_pool_size = self.pool.qsize()
         if current_pool_size > 0:
             for priority, candidate in self.pool:
                 current_pool_size -= 1
                 if not self.too_old(candidate):
                     self.pool.put((priority, candidate))
                 else:
                     self._reap_connection(candidate)
                 if current_pool_size <= 0:
                     break

 

_reap_connection最终会回调conn对象的invalidate方法(Connector的接口)进行销毁。每次使用完conn后会调用release_connection, 它的逻辑是

     def release_connection(self, conn):
         if self._reaper is not None:
             self._reaper.ensure_started()

         with self._sem:
             if self.pool.qsize() < self.max_size:
                 connected = conn.is_connected()
                 if connected and not self.too_old(conn):
                     self.pool.put((conn.get_lifetime(), conn))
                 else:
                     self._reap_connection(conn)
             else:
                 self._reap_connection(conn)

如果连接还没过期或断开,就会被重新放入优先级队列中,用户可以通过实现Connector接口的get_lifetime来控制这里放回的conn的优先级,priority最小的conn下次会被优先取出

Connector定义了哪些接口呢?

 class Connector(object):
     def matches(self, **match_options):
         raise NotImplementedError()

     def is_connected(self):
         raise NotImplementedError()

     def handle_exception(self, exception):
         raise NotImplementedError()

     def get_lifetime(self):
         raise NotImplementedError()

     def invalidate(self):
         raise NotImplementedError()

matches方法主要用在pool取出一个conn时,除了优先选择priority最小的conn,还需要这个conn和get(**options)传入的参数match,这个match就是回调conn的matches方法。其他几个接口前面都涉及到了。

TcpConnector实现

来看一下socketpool自带的TcpConnector的实现,实现tcp socket的工厂

 class TcpConnector(Connector):

     def __init__(self, host, port, backend_mod, pool=None):
         self._s = backend_mod.Socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
         self._s.connect((host, port))
         self.host = host
         self.port = port
         self.backend_mod = backend_mod
         self._connected = True
         # use a 'jiggle' value to make sure there is some
         # randomization to expiry, to avoid many conns expiring very
         # closely together.
         self._life = time.time() - random.randint(0, 10)
         self._pool = pool

     def __del__(self):
         self.release()

     def matches(self, **match_options):
         target_host = match_options.get('host')
         target_port = match_options.get('port')
         return target_host == self.host and target_port == self.port

     def is_connected(self):
         if self._connected:
             return util.is_connected(self._s)
         return False

     def handle_exception(self, exception):
         print('got an exception')
         print(str(exception))

     def get_lifetime(self):
         return self._life

     def invalidate(self):
         self._s.close()
         self._connected = False
         self._life = -1

     def release(self):
         if self._pool is not None:
             if self._connected:
                 self._pool.release_connection(self)
             else:
                 self._pool = None

     def send(self, data):
         return self._s.send(data)

     def recv(self, size=1024):
         return self._s.recv(size)

 

不需要太多额外解释。

 

拓展实现HiveConnector

根据自身项目需要,我用pyhs2实现了一个hive连接池

 class HiveConnector(Connector):

     def __init__(self, host, port, backend_mod, pool=None, authMechanism='NOSASL',
                  **options):
         self.host = host
         self.port = port
         self.backend_mod = backend_mod
         self._pool = pool
         self._connected = False
         self._conn = pyhs2.connect(host=host,
                                    port=port,
                                    authMechanism=authMechanism
                                    )
         self._connected = True
         # use a 'jiggle' value to make sure there is some
         # randomization to expiry, to avoid many conns expiring very
         # closely together.
         self._life = time.time() - random.randint(0, 10)

     def __del__(self):
         self.release()

     def matches(self, **match_options):
         target_host = match_options.get('host')
         target_port = match_options.get('port')
         return target_host == self.host and target_port == self.port

     def is_connected(self):
         return self._connected

     def handle_exception(self, exception):
         logger.exception("error: %s" % str(exception))

     def get_lifetime(self):
         return self._life

     def invalidate(self):
         try:
             self._conn.close()
         except:
             pass
         finally:
             self._connected = False
             self._life = -1

     def release(self):
         if self._pool is not None:
             if self._connected:
                 self._pool.release_connection(self)
             else:
                 self._pool = None

     def cursor(self):
         return self._conn.cursor()

     def execute(self, hql):
         with self.curosr() as cur:
             return cur.execute(hql)

 hive_pool = ConnectionPool(factory=HiveConnector, **HIVE_CONNECTOR_CONFIG)

使用这个hive_pool去执行hql语句非常容易:

     with hive_pool.connection() as conn:
         with conn.cursor() as cur:
             print cur.getDatabases()

总结

简绍了socketpool的内部实现,以及如何使用它构造自己的连接池。

 

posted @ 2015-04-03 00:16  Quijote  阅读(6788)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报