Python学习札记(三十六) 面向对象编程 Object Oriented Program 7 __slots__
参考:slots
NOTE
1.动态语言灵活绑定属性及方法。
#!/usr/bin/env python3
class MyClass(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
def func(obj):
print(obj.name, obj.age)
def main():
h = MyClass()
h.name = 'Chen'
h.age = '20'
func(h)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
给对象h绑定了属性name和age。
sh-3.2# ./oop7.py
Chen 20
绑定一个新的方法:
from types import MethodType
def f(self):
print('I\'m new here!')
h.f = MethodType(f, h) # new method
h.f()
I'm new here!
但是这种绑定的方法并不存在于新建的对象:
h1 = MyClass()
h1.f()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./oop7.py", line 28, in <module>
main()
File "./oop7.py", line 25, in main
h1.f()
AttributeError: 'MyClass' object has no attribute 'f'
给类绑定一个方法,解决这个问题:
MyClass.f = f
h1 = MyClass()
h1.f()
I'm new here!
通常情况下,上面的f方法可以直接定义在class中,但动态绑定允许我们在程序运行的过程中动态给class加上功能,这在静态语言中很难实现。
2.__slots__
但是,如果我们想要限制实例的属性怎么办?比如,只允许对MyClass实例添加name和age属性。
为了达到限制的目的,Python允许在定义class的时候,定义一个特殊的__slots__
变量,来限制该class实例能添加的属性:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
class MyClass(object):
"""docstring for MyClass"""
__slots__ = ('name', 'age')
def __init__(self):
super(MyClass, self).__init__()
pass
def main():
h = MyClass()
h.name = 'Chen'
h.age = 20
h.city = 'FuZhou'
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
sh-3.2# ./oop8.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./oop8.py", line 17, in <module>
main()
File "./oop8.py", line 14, in main
h.city = 'FuZhou'
AttributeError: 'MyClass' object has no attribute 'city'
__slots__
用tuple定义允许绑定的属性名称,由于'city'没有被放到__slots__中,所以不能绑定city属性。
使用__slots__
要注意,__slots__
定义的属性仅对当前类实例起作用,对继承的子类是不起作用的:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
class MyClass(object):
"""docstring for MyClass"""
__slots__ = ('name', 'age')
def __init__(self):
super(MyClass, self).__init__()
pass
class Student(MyClass):
"""docstring for Student"""
def __init__(self):
super(Student, self).__init__()
pass
def main():
h = MyClass()
h.name = 'Chen'
h.age = 20
# h.city = 'FuZhou'
h1 = Student()
h1.name = 'Chen'
h1.age = 20
h1.city = 'FuZhou'
print(h1.name, h1.age, h1.city)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
sh-3.2# ./oop8.py
Chen 20 FuZhou
2017/3/2
To improve is to change, to be perfect is to change often.